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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Inpatient and outpatient, emotionally disturbed, borderline to severely mentally retarded adults (N = 110) were assessed to evaluate the relationship of medication to psychiatric diagnosis and symptomatology. Patients were assessed on the Psychiatric Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the Social Performance Survey Schedule--a measure of social adaptation. All these instruments had been modified for use with mentally retarded persons. Comparisons were made evaluating patients receiving major tranquilizers, anticonvulsant and antianxiety drugs, by diagnostic category. Furthermore, an assessment was made of inpatients versus outpatients, based on amount of medication prescribed. It was found that considerable variation in the numbers of drugs and the amount of drug used occurred, based on the type of psychiatric condition, particularly those on informant data on schizophrenia, affective disorder, and adjustment reaction disorder. Implications of these and related results for psychotropic drug use with mentally retarded emotionally disturbed persons are discussed.
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PMID:Diagnosis and drug use in mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed adults. 615 23

Plasma cortisol levels of 28 hospitalized patients meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for major or nonmajor (minor or intermittent) depression were significantly higher than those of eight normal subjects. In contrast, plasma beta-endorphin immunoreactivity was significantly lower in patients with nonmajor depression than in those with major depression or in normal subjects. A low ratio of plasma beta-endorphin to cortisol immunoreactivity was found to characterize patients in both groups. Through the use of only this ratio, a post-hoc analysis identified 25 depressed patients and seven controls. These findings have implications for psychiatric diagnosis and the involvement of the endogenous opioid system in the pathogenesis of depression.
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PMID:Plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in nonmajor and major depression. 632 98

Fifty-one school phobic children, aged nine to fourteen years, were assessed for psychiatric diagnosis; this revealed the presence of two clinically meaningful sub-groups--depressed and residual school phobic. A wide range of symptoms were studied to identify those which might prove useful in diagnosing adult-type depression in childhood and early adolescence, both in terms of frequency of symptoms in the depressed group and the extent of the distinction between the two groups. Eleven such key symptoms were identified and based on these, a formula for diagnosing adult-type depression was evolved. The validity of several different ways of classifying the above cases were explored; these covered: kind of disorder; type of onset; adolescence versus pre-adolescence; and sex of the child. However, on only one dichotomy--depression versus absence of depression--were there many significant discriminants. Affective symptomatology of more recent onset was contrasted with pre-morbid personality traits, usually associated with school phobia. There was no evidence to support the concept of 'masked depression' in childhood.
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PMID:Classification and diagnosis of depression in school phobia. 648 7

The report is based on 1,165 medical inpatients seen by the consultant psychiatrist within a 3-year period. During the last year evaluated for this study psychiatric consultation was requested for 2.8% of the total non-psychiatric hospital admissions. Questions to the consultant are most often referred to psychogenic factors, depression and suicidality. The most frequent psychiatric diagnosis was neuroses/reactions/ personality disorders followed by suicidality, organic psychoses, psychosomatic illnesses, endogenous psychoses, somatopsychic syndromes and addictions. Further details and problems in psychiatric consultation are discussed.
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PMID:[Psychiatric consultation service in a large medical clinic: evaluation over a 3-year period]. 664 83

Although depression has been found to be the most common medical or psychiatric diagnosis among patients seen in primary care settings, the disorder is often missed and/or treated inappropriately. Problems in differential diagnosis, particularly among patients presenting primarily with somatic complaints, are reviewed. A study is described in which patients referred to a psychiatric consultation-liaison service were categorized as somatizing or nonsomatizing and given DSM-III diagnoses. Somatoform disorders occurred in only 33% of somatizing patients; the predominant diagnosis in this group was major depression. Implications of these findings for the recognition and treatment of depression, especially that associated with physical symptoms or disease, are discussed.
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PMID:Depression: relationship to somatization and chronic medical illness. 669 51

Primary care physicians provide a large proportion of psychiatric care today, especially for elderly persons with limited resources and concomitant medical diseases. To determine the frequency and type of psychiatric care provided by internists, the experience of a large academic group practice was studied. Depression was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis among persons over 59 years of age and the fifth most common of all diagnoses made by physicians. Consultations with psychiatrists were infrequent and were used primarily for confirmation of the diagnosis. Physicians generally treated the depression with supportive counseling and often employed pharmacologic therapy with tricyclic antidepressants. Elderly patients were less likely than younger patients to receive tricyclic antidepressants, and they received lower doses. The observed response to antidepressant drugs was positive but required at least 50 mg to be taken daily. Side effects were frequent, especially at doses greater than 100 mg/d, but generally not severe.
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PMID:The treatment of depression in elderly patients. 686 72

The authors examine the clinical application of DSM-III from the perspective of the consultation-liaison psychiatrist. They discuss contributions of DSM-III that have refined psychiatric diagnosis in medical-surgical settings, including the multiaxial system, a broader approach to the organic mental disorders, introduction of the category of psychological factors affecting physical condition, and an improved classification of disorders that present with physical symptoms. However, some areas of continuing ambiguity remain, such as how much discretion a clinician has to discount somatic symptoms related to physical illness in the diagnosis of depression, the implications of exempting bereavement from diagnostic status, and uncertainty about what constitutes evidence of an etiological relationship.
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PMID:Clinical applications of DSM-III in consultation-liaison psychiatry. 688 16

In two studies, 145 psychiatric inpatients were each asked to say 100 numbers in random order, using the numbers 1 through 10. Compared with normative data, patients with personality disorders and neuroses were not impaired on the random number generation (RNG) task and patients with chronic alcoholism and primary affective disorder, depression, were significantly imparied, but not as much as those with schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome. The relationship between RNG performance and psychiatric diagnosis may reflect severity of disturbed cognitive functioning. The Randomization Index was sensitive to changes in symptoms during hospitalization. The RNG task provides a brief objective measure of those components of attention, cognitive capacity, and short-term memory that are affected by severity of psychopathology.
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PMID:Random number generation, psychopathology and therapeutic change. 709 1

In the 10 years from 1970 to 1979 there were 224 known episodes of parasuicide involving 158 patients (71 per cent women) registered with doctors in a group practice in a health centre in South East London. Nearly 40 per cent of patients were known to have repeated parasuicide at least once. Self-poisoning by drugs was the commonest method. Nearly three quarters of the drugs used had been prescribed by doctors and just under 60 per cent of the study patients had consulted their doctor within the 28 days preceding parasuicide. Personality disorder was the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis and was often associated with depression. There was no past or present evidence of psychiatric abnormality in 22 per cent. The most frequent precipitating cause of parasuicide was a breakdown in personal relationships. The annual total of episodes fell in the last two years of the study, but it is not yet clear whether this marks a significant development. Six of the patients died from suicide during the study period.
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PMID:Parasuicide in an urban general practice, 1970-1979. 710 52

Fifty patients are reported from a psychiatric service to a Native population. Thirty-two (64%) had pain of whom 19 had physical lesions. The number with pain is thought to be somewhat higher than might have been predicted from a priori considerations. Depression was the commonest psychiatric diagnosis both with and without pain. The head was the commonest site for pain whilst no patient had pain in the back as a primary complaint and only two had back pain as a secondary complaint.
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PMID:A note on the occurrence of pain in psychiatric patients from a Canadian indian and Inuit population. 723 13


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