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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The evidence for an association between hostility and deliberate self-poisoning is reviewed. Although the concept of hostility is poorly defined and different measuring instruments may not measure the same entity, self-poisoning subjects as a group appear to have very high levels of hostility. However, depression is also associated with hostility and when studies have taken into account the psychiatric diagnosis of overdose patients it is outwardly-directed hostility which distinguishes these individuals from other psychiatric patients or normals. A model is proposed to show the inter-relationships of hostility, depression and self-poisoning.
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PMID:Hostility and deliberate self-poisoning: the role of depression. 330 81

Normative developmental equations provide reliable descriptors of brain electrical activity in people 6 to 90 years old. Healthy persons display only chance deviations beyond predicted ranges. Patients with neurological impairment, subtle cognitive dysfunctions, or psychiatric disorders (including dementia and primary depression) show a high incidence of abnormal values. The magnitude of the deviations increases with clinical severity. Different disorders are characterized by distinctive profiles of abnormal values of brain electrical features. Computerized differential classification of some of these disorders can be achieved with high accuracy. Such classification, providing objective corroboration of brain dysfunctions, may be a useful adjunct to psychiatric diagnosis, which relies primarily on subjective clinical impressions. These methods may provide independent criteria for diagnostic validity, evaluations of treatment efficacy, and more individualized therapy.
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PMID:Neurometrics: computer-assisted differential diagnosis of brain dysfunctions. 333 79

Three patients who presented with vague symptoms previously diagnosed as food allergy are reviewed. No evidence for allergy to foods was found in any of the patients. Two were depressed with psychotic thinking and the third had moderately severe anxiety with depression. All three improved following psychiatric diagnosis and intervention. One was treated with antidepressant and one with antidepressant-antipsychotic medication. All three maintained improvement two years later. The diagnosis of food allergy must be based on showing a direct relationship between the inciting food and the immunologically mediated reaction. Anxiety and depression may masquerade as food allergy. Evidence of psychopathology should be present to make such a diagnosis.
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PMID:Psychopathology masquerading as food allergy. 333 20

The authors studied 51 of 56 consecutive eligible patients admitted to a burn unit. Sixty-nine percent of the patients had a preburn psychiatric diagnosis. Depression alone was present in more than half the sample. Few burns were strictly accidental; 68% involved some degree of complicity on the victim's part, but intentional burns were rare. Patients with depression were more likely to sustain their burns in a setting of risk-enhancing behavior.
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PMID:Preexisting psychiatric disorders in burn patients. 335 46

The authors evaluated 11 surgically-treated patients with spastic dysphonia, a phonation disorder of unclear etiology. The results indicate that the illness does not appear to be a somatoform disorder, but that stress may play a role in its expression, and that there may be secondary depression and anxiety. The experience of spastic dysphonics suggests that psychiatric treatments may be inappropriately applied to an illness without clear organic etiology, whereas, conversely, a proper psychiatric role may be rejected when effective medical or surgical treatment is available. The authors recommend that psychiatrists evaluating patients with illnesses of unclear etiology should be cautious in making a primary psychiatric diagnosis unless DSM-III criteria are met.
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PMID:Defining the psychiatric role in spastic dysphonia. 336 Mar 12

Methodologic problems in prior research have contributed to contradictory findings about the effect of feedback from self-report questionnaires on the recognition of mental disorders in primary care settings. This study addresses those problems by assigning family practice resident physicians (N = 32), not their patients, to experimental and control groups, and by collecting baseline as well as postintervention data, for a total of 1040 patient encounters. The 28-item GHQ served as the screening instrument and was given to all participating patients seen by the experimental group. Following training in their interpretation, feedback of GHQ results constituted the intervention. Measures of recognition included a psychiatric diagnosis, psychologic and psychosocial chart notations, and various treatment options (e.g., therapy, consultation, referral, drugs, singly and in combination). Evidence for a diagnosis of mental disorder was limited to the Assessment portion of the SOAP note. Results indicate that GHQ feedback resulted in a significant twofold increase in the total number of psychiatric diagnoses. Recognition was heightened in all diagnostic categories, with a statistically significant increase in the number of depression diagnoses. Similarly, employment of all treatment modalities increased following feedback, although the only statistically significant increase was the prescription of antidepressant drugs. Psychologic notations increased as well, but psychosocial notations did not. Physicians who tended to recognize psychiatric morbidity at pretest benefited most from GHQ feedback. Implications for future research are discussed.
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PMID:Toward a resolution of contradictions. Utility of feedback from the GHQ. 337 97

Ninety-two general medical outpatients were surveyed with an interview, questionnaires, and a medical record review to investigate the relationships among psychiatric disorder (depression and hypochondriasis), somatic symptoms, medical morbidity, and the utilization of ambulatory medical services. Medical utilization correlated with the number of somatic symptoms reported (r = 0.49, P = 0.0001), depressive symptoms (r = 0.34, P = 0.001), and the number of medical diagnoses in the medical record. Somatic symptoms were not significantly correlated with the number of medical diagnoses, but were related to hypochondriacal attitudes (r = 0.52, P = 0.0001) and depression (r = 0.51, P = 0.0001). In stepwise multiple regressions, the number of medical diagnoses accounted for 33% of the variance in medical utilization. Somatic symptoms were the second most powerful predictor, increasing R2 to 0.469. The next best predictors were two hypochondriacal attitudes and the presence of a major psychiatric diagnosis in the medical record. This five-step model explained 56% of the variance. Somatic symptoms are thus powerful determinants of medical utilization, even after controlling for medical morbidity. Depression, disease fear, and bodily preoccupation are also important predictors of utilization. Somatic symptoms are a final common pathway through which emotional disturbance, psychiatric disorder, and organ pathology all express themselves, and which prompt patients to visit doctors.
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PMID:Medical and psychiatric determinants of outpatient medical utilization. 348 10

Thirty patients who committed wrist cuttings were divided into four groups according to the patients' psychiatric diagnosis: hysteria group, depression group, adolescent behavioral disorder group and other diagnostic group. In the hysteria group, wrist cutting was considered as an expression of the patients' unconscious intention to seek sympathy for themselves from other people. In the depression group, wrist cutting seemed to be a preliminary rehearsal of suicide. In the adolescent behavioral disorder group, internal conflicts in adolescence or discordance with the patients' parents seemed to be the chief motivations of wrist slashing. The core groups were the hysteria and adolescent behavioral disorder groups, and the peripheral groups were the depression group and others.
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PMID:A clinical study of 30 wrist cutters. 359 59

Data on the psychiatric diagnosis, overall functioning, and treatment of 220 6- to 23-year-old subjects who were at high or low risk for major depression are presented. The subjects' diagnoses were made by a child psychiatrist based on best-estimate evaluation of diagnostic information derived from structured interviews (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children, Epidemiologic Version) with the subjects and separately with their mothers about their children. The major findings were an increased overall prevalence of major depression and substance abuse, psychiatric treatment, poor social functioning, and school problems in the children of depressed proband parents compared with children of normal proband parents. Overall prepubertal depression was uncommon and the sex ratios were equal. After 12 years of age, there was an increasing preponderance of female subjects in the group with major depression. The mean age at onset of major depression was similar for male and female subjects. However, it was significantly earlier in the children of depressed probands (mean age at onset, 12 to 13 years) compared with the children of normal probands (mean age at onset, 16 to 17 years). Symptom profiles and additional types of diagnoses in the depressed children from either proband parent group did not differ. These children are being followed up longitudinally to determine the prognostic significance, persistence, recurrence, and recall of their symptoms. Several research and clinical strategies are suggested by these data.
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PMID:Children of depressed parents. Increased psychopathology and early onset of major depression. 366 41

The relationship between family violence and psychiatric disorders was examined using standardized diagnostic interviews of 1200 randomly selected residents of a large Canadian city. The results showed that higher than expected proportions of those exhibiting violent behavior had a psychiatric diagnosis and the rate of violent behaviors in those with diagnoses (54.4%) significantly (p less than .0001) exceeds the rate in the remainder of the sample (15.5%). Particularly high rates of violence are found in those where alcoholism is combined with antisocial personality disorder and/or recurrent depression (80-93%). Also at high risk for violence are those who have made suicide attempts (over 50%) and those who have been arrested for non-traffic offences (two-thirds). These data suggest that psychiatric disorders have a strong relationship to violent behavior, and are not in agreement with the predominantly sociological explanations of family violence.
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PMID:Family violence and psychiatric disorder. 369 4


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