Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biochemical and electrophysiological factors were studied longitudinally in a rapidly cycling manic-depressive patient. Slow changes in mood, motor activity, sleep, and urinary norepinephrine levels during the course of each depressed and manic episode are reported, as well as rapid alterations in many variables at the time of mood switch. Urinary concentrations of norepinephrine and its metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) were significantly lower in depression than in mania; norepinephrine but not MHPG excretion increased prior to the switch. We postulate that the slow behavioral and biological changes preceding switches in this patient are an important manifestation of the cyclic process in manic-depressive illness.
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PMID:Alterations in motor activity, sleep, and biochemistry in a cycling manic-depressive patient. 19 69

1. The first part of the paper is devoted to a critical review on the possible relationships between depression and monoamine oxidase. 2. This study describes the results of an investigation of MAO-activity in depression, using new approaches and methodology. This methodology was developed because the literature data indicated that a) previous results are difficult to compare because of varying methods and diverse target populations used; b) previous methodological deficiencies do not allow to draw definite conclusions about the relationship between MAO-activity and depression. 3. The present investigation selected 35 psychiatric patients according to clearly defined diagnostic criteria (20 endogenous depressive, 10 neurotic depressive, and 5 manic patients) matched to 25 healthy control-subjects. 4. The Michaelis-constant (Km), the maximum reaction speed (Vmax), and the 50% enzyme inhibition by tranylcypromine (IC50) of platelet-MAO were determined during and after recovery from the depressive or manic episode using 3 substrates (tyramine, tryptamine, and phenylethylamine). 5. The present investigation, in contrast to conventional methodology, utilized three different substrates at different concentrations. Significant correlations were demonstrated for the Vmax-values of each of the three substrates, whereas the Km and the IC50 (tranylcypromine)-values varied for each substrate. 6. The results show that there were no differences between the characteristics of the platelet-MAO in depressive or manic patients and those of normal subjects. Furthermore, treatment with tricyclic antidepressants had no effect on MAO-activity. A previous investigation indicated that the MAO-properties in human brain tissue were similar to that in human platelets.
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PMID:Depression and monoamine oxidase. 40 Oct

Even though lithium has been established as an effective agent in the management of primary affective disorders, not all manic-depressive patients respond favourably to lithium therapy. Therefore we attempted to delineate lithium responders from non-responders in a group of 54 manic-depressive patients on the basis of an assessment which included 64 variables and the results showed that only two thirds were pure responders. Females, patients with prior manic episodes, onset of the illness initially with a manic episode, and premorbid psychothymic personality were all indicators of favourable long-term lithium response. Patients with retarded depression, severe anxiety, though disorder and those with higher scores on the Psychopathic Deviate and Paranoia scales of the MMPI were poor lithium responders. It should be noted, however, that only a few of the differences between responders and non-responders were statistically significant. Our study suggests a number of predictive variables for the identification of lithium responders.
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PMID:Prediction of lithium response. 49 69

The temperatures of six manic-depressive patients were taken every three hours consecutively for many weeks, covering at least one depressive and one manic episode in each patient. While the daily temperature curve was essentially normal in manic phases, with pronounced 24-hour rhythm, during depression the daytime temperatures appeared disorganised, often falling during the morning instead of rising, and with suggestions of a 12-hour rhythm. It may be useful to look on manic-depressive illness as resulting from a desynchronisation of circadian rhythms and to compare the pharmacologies of temperature regulation and mood regulation in psychosis.
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PMID:Change in diurnal temperature rhythm in manic-depressive illness. 94 10

A fatal pancytopenia occurred in a patient with an history of depression with hypomanic rebounds, admitted for a manic episode and treated with levomepromazine, diazepam and lithium carbonate.
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PMID:A fatal case of pancytopenia due to levomepromazine. 99 Jun 58

A total of 402 patients were followed up for, on average, 25 years after the onset of their illness. The diagnoses, made longitudinally, were as follows: schizophrenic disorder (n = 148); schizoaffective disorder (n = 101); affective disorder (n = 106). The remaining 47 patients did not fulfil the criteria for any of these diagnoses. A distinction was made between "episode" (cross-sectional diagnosis) and "illness" or "disorder" (longitudinal diagnosis). The "episodes" (cross-sectional diagnosis) were classified according to slightly modified DSM-III criteria into schizophrenic, affective (melancholic, manic, manic-depressive mixed), schizoaffective (schizodepressive, schizomanic, schizomanic-depressive mixed) and non-characteristic episodes. The criteria for the episodes are: Schizophrenic episode: criteria of DSM-III, slightly modified. Melancholic episode: according to "Major Depression, Melancholic Type" of DSM-III-R. Manic episode: according to the criteria of DSM-III, slightly modified. Manic-depressive mixed episode: Presence of manic and depressive symptomatology during one episode. Schizodepressive episode: Presence of schizophrenic and depressive symptomatology during one episode. --Schizomanic episode: presence of schizophrenic and manic symptomatology during one episode. Schizomanic-depressive mixed episode: Presence of schizophrenic, manic and depressive symptomatology during one episode. The diagnosis of an "illness" or "disorder" (longitudinal diagnosis) took account of all the kinds of episodes that occurred during the whole course. The final diagnosis (longitudinal diagnoses) were defined as follows: Schizophrenic disorder: only schizophrenic episodes during the whole course Affective disorder: only affective episodes during the whole course (melancholic, manic, manic-depressive mixed episodes). Schizoaffective disorder: at least one schizoaffective episode during the course (schizodepressive, schizomanic, schizomanic-depressive mixed episode), independently of the type and number of other episodes, or sequential manifestation of schizophrenic and affective episodes. The principal instruments of investigation and evaluation were: Global Assessment Scale (GAS); Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO/DAS); Psychological Impairment Rating Schedule (WHO/PIRS); Present State Examination (PSE); Criteria for social class and social mobility according to Kleining and Moore (also transferred to the criteria of Hollingshead and Redlich) - A pool of items based on WHO instruments for social parameters; Items for pharmacological treatment and prophylaxis.
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PMID:[Affective, schizoaffective and schizophrenic psychoses. A comparative long-term study]. 179 61

Several clinical studies have suggested that patients with affective disorder are at high risk for developing tardive dyskinesia (TD). An intriguing aspect of the relationship between TD and affective disorders involves mood dependent alterations in the severity of TD in bipolar patients. In most reported cases, depressive episodes have been reported to be associated with exacerbation of TD, while manic episodes were accompanied by attenuation of TD. Current neurochemical hypotheses of TD do not explain adequately the relationship of TD to depression or mania in bipolar patients. A patient with bipolar illness is presented in whom TD emerged concurrently with the onset of depression that developed during management of an acute manic episode. It is suggested that decline in melatonin secretion with onset of the depression was associated with the emergence of TD. Thus, the increased incidence and risk of TD in bipolar patients may in part be related to decreased melatonin secretion, while increased melatonin secretion during manic episodes may have protective effect against the development of TD.
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PMID:Tardive dyskinesia associated with depression in a bipolar patient: possible role of melatonin. 197 69

A 4-year follow-up of 75 patients was conducted to investigate outcome after recovery from an episode of mania. Predictors of an unfavorable outcome included poor occupational status prior to index episode, history of previous episodes, history of alcoholism, psychotic features and symptoms of depression during the index manic episode, male gender, and interepisode affective symptoms at 6 months' follow-up. The mortality risk during the follow-up period was 4%. The identification of specific risk factors depended on the definition of outcome and the length of follow-up.
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PMID:Outcome in Mania. A 4-year prospective follow-up of 75 patients utilizing survival analysis. 224 95

Patients studied at peak severity of a manic episode showed substantial degrees of depression (dysphoria) and anxiety. Compared with nondysphoric manics (n = 26), the dysphoric manics (n = 22) had a significantly greater number of previous hospitalizations, and they displayed less rapid cycling both in the year before and during the index hospitalization admission. The severity of manic dysphoria tended to correlate with the number of previous hospitalizations, a finding that was highly significant in women (n = 27). Medication-free manic patients (n = 22) had significant elevations in cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine concentrations compared with depressed and euthymic patients and normal volunteers, and the degree of elevation correlated significantly with the degree of manic dysphoria, anger, and anxiety rated at the time of the lumbar puncture. Patients with dysphoric mania, recognized by Kraepelin to have poor prognoses, have been reported to respond poorly to lithium carbonate but may be among those who respond to carbamazepine. Clinical, biologic, and pharmacologic response characteristics of manic subgroups, particularly those with extreme dysphoric components to their illness, appear to be clinically meaningful and deserving of further investigation.
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PMID:Dysphoric mania. Clinical and biological correlates. 293 Mar 31

The interepisode interval in bipolar disorder has been relatively unstudied, in part because patients are generally considered to be well during that period. The author proposes that a symptomatic convalescent phase follows acute episodes of mania and depression and precedes the return to the entirely well state. A case is presented of a 15-month convalescence that followed a manic episode. The most prominent features of the convalescence were its long duration, its saw-toothed pattern of remitting and recurring symptoms, and the presence of dysphoria. The fluctuation of dysphoric symptoms was at times associated with and at times independent of life events and was independent of lithium levels. Supportive psychotherapy is apparently a critical element in the management of this phase. Questions about the nature and optimal management of the convalescent period are raised.
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PMID:Convalescent phase of bipolar disorder. 318 37


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