Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Results of investigations of the immune function in affective disorders are conflicting. Some authors described an immune suppression, others an immune activation in major depression. The authors performed a study of cellular immunity in the MDD subtype endogenous depression. 23 patients suffering from endogenous depression were investigated during the depressive state, the results were compared with a group of 14 patients during the free interval and 51 healthy controls. 2. The lymphocyte proliferation after incubation with diphtheria- and tetanus toxoid, mainly stimulating T-cells, was reduced but after incubation with an antigen-cocktail, stimulating both, T- and B-cells, was increased in patients during depression and during the free interval compared to controls. 3. The CD3(+)- and CD4(+)-cells were significantly enhanced in both groups of patients while the CD8(+)-cells showed no differences to the controls. The ratio CD4+/CD8+ was increased in patients, too, as described in some autoimmune disorders. 4. The suppressor cell activity was significantly reduced in the PWM-assay and in the PHA-assay. The mixed lymphocyte culture showed a tendency to reduced suppressor cell activity as well. 5. The results point to an immune activation and to a disturbed control of the proliferative activity in affective psychosis. A T-cell related defect, not compensated by an increased number of CD3+- and CD4+ -cells is discussed. 6. From our point of view, the conflicting results of psychoneuroimmunological investigations in depressive disorders may be related to etiologically different subgroups of depression. The diagnostic category of MDD is possibly one of the traps in psychoneuroimmunology.
 ...
PMID:Investigations of the cellular immunity during depression and the free interval: evidence for an immune activation in affective psychosis. 825 83

Mooren's ulcer is a chronic, painful rodent nonpurulent corneal ulcer. In order to discern the possible role that immunological processes (antibody and cell-mediated) play in the development of a Mooren's ulcer, we evaluated sera from patients (n = 16) for the presence of circulating antibodies against normal rabbit and human corneal epithelium using an indirect immunofluorescent technique (IFT) and determined the T-lymphocyte subsets (CD4, CD8, CD11) in the peripheral blood. This condition was treated with an immunophilin, cyclosporin A (CsA) (0.5% solution), applied topically. Antibodies against rabbit corneal epithelium were detected in 12 of 16 patients (75%), while only six of 16 (37.5%) patients had antibodies against human corneal epithelium. The percentage of CD8 (suppressor T cells) T lymphocytes was significantly lower in patients with Mooren's ulcer than in the controls (p < 0.01). Mooren's ulcer was effectively treated with 0.5% CsA in 11 of 18 (61.1%) affected eyes (n = 14 patients), as determined by long-term (24-31 months) follow-up. We noted particularly that regulatory imbalance existed in the immune systems of the patients. We also think that the limbus and conjunctival lymphoid tissue adjacent to the limbus might play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The detection of serum antibodies against corneal epithelium and determination of T-lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood may provide a referential basis for the clinical diagnosis of Mooren's ulcer. Effective treatment with 0.5% topical CsA is primarily through the depression of ocular immunoreactions, although systemic action is not completely ruled out.
 ...
PMID:Immunological analysis and treatment of Mooren's ulcer with cyclosporin A applied topically. 826 78

This review summarizes knowledge on various aspects of paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycelial propagules, chlamydospores, and arthroconidia exhibit thermal dimorphism; arthroconidia are infectious in animals and, by electron microscopy, appear well provided for survival. The mycelial-to-yeast-phase transformation requires a strict control of glucan synthesis probably mediated by membrane enzymes. Hormonal influences on the transformation of the fungus (mycelium or conidium to yeast phase) have been demonstrated. Estrogen-binding proteins have been detected in the fungal cytosol, and during the transformation novel proteins are produced as a result of estradiol incorporation. Clinical forms have been better defined on the basis of better experimental models. Emphasis has been placed on the lungs as the portal of entry and on the existence of silent pulmonary infections. A specific Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen, the 43-kDa glycoprotein (Gp43), has been identified, characterized, and cloned. This has led to improved reproducibility and specificity of serologic tests. The depression of cell-mediated immune responses has been associated with severe disease in humans and in the experimental host. T-cell subsets in patients' tissues were characterized by means of monoclonal antibodies, and a reduced CD4/CD8 ratio was demonstrated. This has been related to alterations in lymphokine and tumor necrosis factor production, production of antigen-antibody complexes, etc. Amphotericin B has provided effective therapy. Azole derivatives have also improved prognosis and facilitated therapy. Itraconazole is presently the drug of choice, yet incapacitating sequelae (mainly pulmonary fibrosis) still constitute major problems.
 ...
PMID:Paracoccidioidomycosis: an update. 847 49

SK&F 105685 is a novel azaspirane with immunosuppressive activity in animal models of autoimmune disease. This study evaluates the efficacy and mechanism of action of the compound in rat recipients of cardiac allografts. Short-term SK&F 105685 therapy (20 mg/kg/day by gavage) proved effective both in the pretreatment (days -14 to -8 or -7 to -1; allograft at day 0) and treatment (days 0 to 6) protocols, with cardiac allograft survival prolonged to 14-17 days (acute rejection = 7 days; P < 0.001). SK&F 105685 pretreatment exerted at least additive effects with subtherapeutic CsA (1.5 mg/kg/day x 7 days i.m.) given after transplantation, with 50% of allografts surviving > 50 days. SK&F 105685 therapy diminished the immunohistological features of acute rejection, with the cellular infiltrate suppressed and the induction of IL-2/transferrin receptors, and elaboration of IL-2/IFN-gamma essentially abolished, as compared with the grafts in untreated hosts. These correlated with normal frequency of CD4, CD5, CD8 phenotype subsets and B cells in recipient lymphoid organs, as shown by flow microfluorimetry. Adoptive transfer of untreated or x-irradiated (2000 rads) spleen cells from SK&F 105685-modulated hosts significantly prolonged the survival of donor-specific or third-party test cardiac allografts to 10-15 days, suggesting the presence of nonspecific x-irradiation-resistant suppressor cells in the transferred inoculum. Their activity could be enriched by Percoll density centrifugation and screened by the ability to inhibit Con A-driven proliferation of normal cells in the coculture assay. The light-density x-irradiation-resistant spleen cell fraction (1.07 g/ml) was consistently and significantly more suppressive than the heavy-density (1.09 g/ml) interface, or the corresponding unseparated cells. Thus SK&F 105685 therapy abrogates rejection response and significantly prolongs the survival of vascularized cardiac allografts in rats. This effect is associated with selective depression of host alloreactivity/immune activation at the graft site, and simultaneous induction of suppressor cells in recipient spleen, comparable to natural or nonspecific suppressor cells generated by TLI. This unique activity profile is consistent with the concept that SK&F 105685 should be considered as a critical chemical adjunct in novel therapeutic strategies representing TLI-equivalent.
 ...
PMID:Induction of nonspecific x-irradiation-resistant suppressor cell activity in vivo and prolongation of vascularized allograft survival by SK&F 105685, a novel immunomodulatory azaspirane. 851 8

This study was designed to examine the impact of exhaustive endurance exercise on a number of immune parameters of physically fit male subjects (VO2max 66.5 +/- 5.3 ml/min/kg) who performed treadmill exercise at 65% of their VO2max for 120 min. Serial blood samples were taken before, during and after exercise and changes in leukocyte and lymphocyte subset concentrations; immunoglobulin production in vitro; and natural killer (NK) cell response were measured. The exercise regimen was found to induce the well-known phenomenon of leukocytosis which consisted primarily of a granulocytosis and lymphocytosis. Among the lymphocyte subsets, peripheral pan T cells (CD3+) as well as helper (CD4+) and suppressor (CD8+) T cells were found to be elevated. A relatively smaller increase in CD4+ than CD8+ cells resulted in depressed CD4/CD8 ratios throughout the exercise period. After exercise, T cells declined progressively and, 2 h post-exercise, were less than 60% of their pre-exercise level. In contrast, the CD4/CD8 ratio demonstrated a progressive increase, thus representing a reversal in the pattern observed during exercise and a trend towards an elevated ratio during recovery. B cells (CD19+) were relatively unaffected by exercise, although IgM production by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes obtained from blood samples after 120 min of exercise was significantly depressed. NK cells were affected dramatically by exercise. Both CD16+ cell numbers and NK cytotoxicity were increased during exercise, followed by a persistent depression in the post-exercise period. The strenuous exercise induced profound effect on NK cells as evidenced by a 40% depression of the NK cell count for as long as 7 days after the cessation of exercise. Our results provide direct kinetic evidence demonstrating that exhaustive exertion alters both lymphocyte distribution pattern and effector function, suggestive of possible exercise-induced immune compromise, particularly in the post-exercise recovery period.
 ...
PMID:Strenuous exercise and immunological changes: a multiple-time-point analysis of leukocyte subsets, CD4/CD8 ratio, immunoglobulin production and NK cell response. 855 Feb 56

Whether immunologic abnormalities correlate with fatigue severity and functional impairment in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) was investigated. Blood mononuclear cells were immunophenotyped and circulating ex vivo-produced cytokines were measured in 76 CFS patients and 69 healthy matched controls. Expression of CD11b on CD8 cells was significantly decreased in CFS patients. However, the previously reported increased expression of CD38 and HLA-DR was not confirmed. There was no obvious difference in apoptosis in leukocyte cultures, circulating cytokines, and ex vivo production of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and IL-1 receptor antagonist. Endotoxin-stimulated ex vivo production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-beta was significantly lower in CFS. The immunologic test results did not correlate with fatigue severity or psychologic well-being was measured by Checklist Individual Strength, Beck Depression Inventory, and Sickness Impact Profile. Thus, these immunologic tests cannot be used as diagnostic tools in individual CFS patients.
 ...
PMID:Lymphocyte subsets, apoptosis, and cytokines in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. 856 12

The work attempted to explain the influence of epidural analgesia and operations on the behaviour of complement and lymphocyte systems. There are very few theses in the world anaesthetic literature which attempt to explain the influence of analgesia and operations on the immune system. Moreover, the problem is treated very superficially in these theses and research was conducted on a small number of patients. In the face of this fact it was decided to assess the behaviour of selected factors of the immune system during analgesia and operations. The research encompassed approximately 80 patients who underwent analgesia and operations. The operated patients were divided into two groups: a 40-person research group A and a 40-person control group K. In group A resection of the prostate gland was performed in epidural analgesia, whereas group K underwent analgesia of the brachial plexus to be operated within the hand and the upper limb. Because of the small extent of sympathetic interruption and of the operation the K group was the control group in relation to the A group where the sympathetic interruption and the operation were extensive. During the analgesia, operation and the 7-day post-operation period the concentration of immunoglobulins was examined (IgG, IgA, IgM), components of the complement (C3, C4), the total haemolithic activity of the complement (Kc) as well lymphocyte populations and sub-populations (B, T, CD4, CD8). Modern research techniques were used to carry out these examinations: monoclone antibody for examining lymphocytes, nephelometric technique for examining concentration of immunoglobulins and components of the complement and the hemolithic method for examination of the total activity of the complement. It was found that epidural analgesia acts deeply depressively on the concentration of endogenous immunoglobulins and of the components of the complement during the day of the operation. This type of analgesia also a similar effect on the level of total haemolithic activity of the complement. Operation trauma on the other hand causes depression of the auxiliary T lymphocyte population (CD4) and the stimulation of the cytotoxic T cell subpopulation (CD8) with a pathological reduction of the quotient factor of these lymphocyte sub-populations CD4/CD8. No statistically significant immunologic disorders were found in the area of the factors examined in patients who underwent operations in the area of the hand and the upper limb with application of plexus analgesia. The presented research results--although they do not have a correspondent in the world anaesthetic literature--seem to prove that epidural analgesia, hitherto regarded as a safe manner of anaesthetizing patients for operations is not devoid of negative influences on the immune system. With regard to immunity on the other hand, plexus analgesia seems to be a safe method anaesthetizing patients for operations in the area of the upper limb. It seems that the extent of sympathetic interruption caused by epidural analgesia affects selected immune factors depressively. This is a clinical question which still requires much research, especially in the area of effect on the immune system because post operative infection complications still constitute an important etiopathogenetic and medical problem.
 ...
PMID:[Evaluation of regional analgesia and surgical trauma on selected factors of the human immune system]. 858 30

1. Chick embryos were orally immunised at day 16 of incubation by injection of heat-killed Campylobacter jejuni organisms into the amniotic fluid. The response to vaccination was observed at 5 d after hatching or, in some birds which received a postnatal oral booster vaccination, at 7 d after hatching, and the response was observed at 14 d of age. 2. The titres of antibody in serum, bile and intestinal scrapings, the distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the spleen, duodenum and ileum and the expression on peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of the T cell surface markers CD3, CD4 and CD8 were determined. 3. Whereas low titres of anti-flagellin antibody were detected in serum, bile and intestinal scrapings of unimmunised birds, high titres were observed in immunised birds. 4. An increase in antibody of all isotypes was detectable in serum but the elevation in IgA antibody in intestinal scrapings and bile was particularly striking. This response was reflected in a dramatic increase in immunoglobulin-containing cells, detected by fluorescent histology, particularly those associated with IgA and IgM isotypes in the spleen and intestine of immunised birds. 5. Secondary oral boosting after hatching resulted in a depression in serum anti-flagellin antibody in immunised birds compared to pre-boosting titres (although still significantly higher than in non-immunised controls) but an increase in IgA antibody in intestinal scrapings and bile. The number of immunoglobulin-containing cells was also increased after boosting. 6. Neither immunisation regimen caused a significant change in the numbers of circulating CD3, CD4 or CD8 T cells. 7. These results indicate that in ovo oral immunisation with C. jejuni antigens stimulates the precocious development of immunity in chicks.
 ...
PMID:In ovo oral vaccination with Campylobacter jejuni establishes early development of intestinal immunity in chickens. 859 89

Major depression and dysthymia (chronic, low grade depression) were associated with an increase in the number of CD16/56 (natural killer; NK) cells in blood, whereas other lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and the CD4/CD8 ratio) did not differ from control subjects. After treatment with a specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor, the symptoms of depression were alleviated in both the major depressive and dysthymic patients. Likewise, NK cell numbers declined to control values in these treated groups. Among the major depressive patients, the NK cell number reached control values within 4 weeks, whereas 6 months of treatment was required for such an effect to be achieved in the dysthymic patients. Although plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and ACTH were not different between groups, among the major depressive patients ACTH was inversely correlated with total lymphocytes, CD3, and CD19, and epinephrine was directly related to the CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio. Among dysthymics, ACTH was unrelated to any of the lymphocyte subsets, but norepinephrine was directly related to total lymphocytes, CD3, CD4, and NK cells. The data are interpreted in terms of stress perception among major depressive and dysthymic patients and the potential impact of stressor experiences on immune processes.
 ...
PMID:Lymphocyte subsets associated with major depression and dysthymia: modification by antidepressant treatment. 860 Apr 82

A low ratio of cellular numbers within CD4+ (helper/inducer) relative to CD8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) thymic lymphocyte subsets (low CD4/CD8 ratio) is widely accepted as fundamental to the depression in thymus-dependent immunocompetence associated with wasting protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). The objective of this investigation, therefore was to determine the CD4/CD8 ratio in peripheral lymphoid compartments of diverse murine models of protein-energy malnutrition which produce systemic wasting (loss of approximately 1.8% of initial body weight per day), lymphoid involution and (as shown in many previous studies) depression in thymus-dependent immunocompetence. In the first of two experiments, male and female weanling mice of disparate inbred strains, CBA/J and C57BL/6J, were allocated to a zero-time control group (23- and 19-d-old, respectively), or to groups fed for 14 d as follows: ad libitum intake of a complete purified diet (19% crude protein, 17 kJ/g gross energy), restricted intake of the complete diet, or ad libitum intake of an isocaloric low protein diet (0.6% crude protein). In a supplementary experiment, (0.6% crude protein). In a supplementary experiment, male and female C57BL/6J weanling mice were fed the complete diet or the low protein diet for either 6 or 21 d. CD4+ and CD8+ thymic lymphocytes were enumerated by flow cytometry in mononuclear cell suspensions from blood, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. A low CD4/CD8 ratio is common in the blood in wasting protein-energy malnutrition, but appears uncharacteristic of the profoundly involuted lymphoid organs which generate acquired immune responses. The CD4/CD8 ratio is irrelevant to the thymus-dependent immunoincompetence previously demonstrated in the rodent models used in this investigation.
 ...
PMID:The CD4/CD8 ratio in the blood does not reflect the response of this index in secondary lymphoid organs of weanling mice in models of protein-energy malnutrition known to depress thymus-dependent immunity. 861 87


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>