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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The internal consistency, validity and factor structure of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) were investigated in a homogeneous sample consisting of 18-year-old males in Italy. The GHQ-12 proved to be a reliable instrument, as indicated by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.81. When the screening characteristics of the GHQ-12 (scored by the Likert method) were evaluated against the psychiatrist's ratings, the best balance between sensitivity and specificity was found at the GHQ cut-off score of 8/9: at this threshold, sensitivity was 0.68 and was paired to a specificity of 0.59 and an overall misclassification rate of 0.40. Validity coefficients based on a single severity score were rather low compared with those reported in other settings. When a principal components analysis with varimax (and oblimin) rotation was performed, two factors were identified: factor A (general dysphoria) was defined by 7 items related to anxiety and depression; factor B (social dysfunction) included 6 items testing the ability to perform daily activities and to cope with everyday problems. The identified factors revealed distinct ability in the discrimination between subjects with and without emotional disturbance according to the psychiatrist's ratings and correlated differently with 3 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory subscales (depression, D; conversion hysteria, Hy; psychasthenia, Pt). Thus, the factor structure of the GHQ-12 might provide useful information along with that offered by a single severity score, and the detection of cases might be improved by examining an individual's profile of scores on different subscales derived from factor analysis.
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PMID:Reliability, validity and factor structure of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among young males in Italy. 789 76

In order to examine the character and phases of injury to the nervous system in HIV infection, 207 persons were observed. In 100, antibodies to the virus and to its separate proteins were discovered by immunofermentation analysis (IFA) reaction and by Western blot test. In 67, first phases of acute inflammation asymptomatic of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy were registered; and in 33, other ailments were found. In this group, which consisted of 74 men and 26 women aged 18-45, 91 were citizens of the Community of Independent States (15 of whom had served in the military) and 9 were citizens of other countries (4 had seen military duty). 75% of cases contracted the infection via sexual transmission. The control group comprised 65 seropositive people at the first screening confirmed by IFA but negative or doubtful by Western blot. Clinical laboratory and special psychological investigations were carried out using a 16-factor personality questionnaire and standard personality analysis methods. Generalized lymphadenopathy was found in 78%, hepatomegaly in 69%, chronic infection of the upper respiratory tract 67%, dermatological pathologies 33%, acute infections 32% (syphilis, hepatitis B), splenomegaly 20%, diarrhea and loss of more than 10% of body mass 11%. There was significant decrease of T-helper cells in 82.8%, in the correlation of the quality of T helper cells and T suppressor cells in 72.4%. In 67 persons who were in the second stage of HIV infection, there was a high frequency of pathological psychological symptoms. According to the personality scale, 60% had schizoid signs, 50% had depression, 40% had psychopathy, 30% had psychasthenia, and 20% had paranoia. When 33 persons in the second and third phase of the disease were measured, schizoid signs increased to 85.7%, depression to 78.6%, psychopathy to 57.1%, psychasthenia to 71.4%, and paranoia to 64.3%. In the first phases of the disease mainly hypochondria, depression, and hysteria predominated, and as the disease progressed, psychopathy, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizoid signs, and mania rose.
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PMID:[HIV infection: the clinical and expert diagnostic aspects]. 817 5

The South Oaks Gambling Inventory was administered to 136 consecutively admitted inmates in a medium-security prison in Nevada. According to the criteria of the authors of this instrument, 22.79% of these inmates had some problem and 26% were probable pathological gamblers. Significant positive correlations with the F, depression, psychopathic deviate, psychasthenia, paranoia, schizophrenia, and Mac Andrew alcoholism scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were found. Gambling score was negatively correlated with the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices measure of intelligence. Clinical implications are suggested.
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PMID:Correlates of pathological gambling propensity in prison inmates. 830 46

The aim of this study was to explore relationships among perennial allergic rhinitis and personality traits in a nonpsychiatric female population of proven allergic status. Female subjects were assigned to the allergic (N = 22) or nonallergic group (N = 18) on the basis of skin prick test and self-reported allergic status. Analysis of MMPI profiles showed that allergic subjects scored significantly higher on the Hypochondriasis (Hs) and Social Introversion (Si) scales and significantly lower on the Correction (K) and Ego Strength (Es) scales. The results suggested that women with perennial allergic rhinitis show poorer psychological functioning than nonallergic women. In addition, the number of allergies was positively correlated with T scores on the Hs, Depression (D), Hysteria (Hy), Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia (Sc), Si, and Conscious Anxiety (A) scales, and negatively correlated with T scores on the K and Es scales. Skin reactivity to house dust mite and grass pollen allergens were positively correlated with scores on Si, whereas skin reactivity to grass pollen and mold allergens was positively correlated with D and Pt (grass) and Pd and Sc (grass and mold). Two possible mechanisms explaining the link between psychological factors and allergic rhinitis include (1) the effect of cortisol on IgE production or (2) the production of mediators during an allergic reaction which travel from the nose to the brain.
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PMID:A Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profile of women with allergic rhinitis. 831 Jan 14

This study examined 59 patients who had suffered closed head injuries with respect to their MMPI scores and Category Test scores as assessed shortly post-injury and on subsequent assessment. The number of MMPI scales elevated above t = 70 on the first assessment was negatively correlated with the magnitude of improvement made on the Category Test. Multiple regression analyses showed that the extent of cognitive deficit, as indicated by the Category Test, could be predicted from the degree of psychopathology, with MMPI scales 2 (depression), 7 (psychasthenia) and 8 (schizophrenia) being highly predictive of Category Test performance. These results suggest that patients with better psychological functioning perform at a higher level and make a greater post-traumatic recovery on neurocognitive tests. Although we cannot determine if the emotional impairment is due to neuropathology or is reactive in nature, there are clear implications for rehabilitation.
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PMID:The interplay between emotional and cognitive recovery after closed head injury. 850 80

This study developed a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) portrait of narcissism using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and 5 narcissism scales derived from the MMPI-2 with a nonclinical sample of 283 subjects. Correlational analyses revealed a divergent pattern of relationships among the 16 narcissism measures and MMPI-2 scales, with 1 set of narcissism scales correlating positively with MMPI-2 mania (Ma) and a second set correlating positively with MMPI-2 depression (D), psychasthenia (Pt), feelings of inferiority (Sc), social introversion (Si), and other measures of distress. A principal-components analysis of the 6 narcissism scales produced 2 orthogonal factors, 1 suggesting Grandiosity and the other Depletion. High scorers on the Grandiosity factor were equally well characterized by a 98/89 or 96/69 MMPI-2 profile with an average F, whereas high scorers on the Depletion factor were best represented by an 87/78 profile with an elevated F. Profile analyses of high scorers on the narcissism scales indicated that a 98/89 MMPI-2 profile with an elevated F score is the best overall representation of the narcissistic personality in nonclinical samples. Results supported 3 alternative interpretations, including a narcissistic continuum, narcissism as a pathological defense against depression and rage, and 2 forms of narcissism, 1 grandiose and overt and the other depleted and covert.
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PMID:An MMPI-2 portrait of narcissism. 857 24

Firesetting in childhood and adolescence is associated with the more severe end of the conduct-disorder continuum and is considered to be prognostic of later pathology. The literature provides limited understanding of the pathology underlying firesetting in juveniles. This study compared the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Assessment-Adolescent profiles of 28 psychiatric inpatient adolescent boys with a history of firesetting with the profiles of 96 psychiatric inpatient adolescent boys who do not have a history of firesetting. Using multivariate analyses, the firesetting group appeared more pathological than did the nonfiresetting group as reflected by significantly higher scores on three clinical scales: Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia (Sc), and Mania (Ma). The firesetting group also scored significantly higher than did the nonfiresetting group on eight of the content scales: Adolescent-Depression, Adolescent-Alienation, Adolescent-Bizarre Mentation, Adolescent-Anger, Adolescent-Conduct Problems, Adolescent-Family Problems, Adolescent-School Problems, and Adolescent-Negative Treatment Indicators. Taken together, these results suggest that the pathology associated with juvenile firesetting is more complex as well as more severe than that associated with nonfiresetting conduct disorder. The firesetting group's profiles suggest that their psychopathology is not merely a severe behavior disorder but rather is indicative of feelings of distress, alienation, depression, and thought disorder or poor reality testing. This degree of inner turmoil may be motivational impetus for the firesetting itself.
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PMID:MMPI-A profiles of adolescent boys with a history of firesetting. 868 21

The relationship between personality, as measured by selected clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychasthenia, Social Introversion, and Anxiety) and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), and behavioral response to the panicogenic agent cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) was examined in 29 patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Significant correlations were found between the MMPI Social Introversion scale and somatic, cognitive, and affective response to CCK-4. Both the MMPI Anxiety scale and the ASI correlated significantly with cognitive response to CCK-4, but not with somatic or affective response. None of the other selected MMPI clinical scales correlated with response to CCK-4. Multiple regression analyses identified the MMPI Social Introversion scale as the best predictor of all three indices of panic-anxiety induced by CCK-4. The results suggest that the relationship between neurotic introversion and sensitivity to CCK requires closer scrutiny.
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PMID:Influence of personality on behavioral response to cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide in patients with panic disorder. 877 10

Adults who were raised in dysfunctional families demonstrate psychopathology on the MMPI. 396 (140 men, 256 women) adult clients (mean age = 35 yr.) from dysfunctional families who were seeking treatment at a university counseling center were administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Analysis showed significantly elevated scores on F, Total Pathology, Depression, Psychopathic Deviance, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, and Social Introversion scales by these subjects from families with a history of physical, sexual, emotional abuse, or alcoholism. This study contributes to the growing body of empirical research on the relationship between dysfunctional families of origin and adult psychopathology.
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PMID:Adult psychopathology on the MMPI and dysfunctional families of origin. 896 21

Personality assessed with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in college was used to predict exercise behavior measured at midlife in 3,630 men and 796 women enrolled in the University of North Carolina Alumni Heart Study. Logistic regression models were fitted for each of the MMPI clinical scales to test the predictive effect of personality, gender, and their interaction on adult exercise behavior. Lower depression, social introversion, and psychopathic deviance scores were associated with increased probability of exercising in midlife for both men and women. Furthermore, better psychological health (indexed by lower hypochondriases and psychasthenia) in college was generally predictive of increased exercise for men, whereas higher scores on these same factors predicted midlife exercise for women. There were two other patterns of gender interactions: (a) for men, lower scores on hysteria and schizophrenia scales were associated with increased probability of exercising at midlife, whereas these factors were unrelated to exercise for women and (b) for women, lower ego strength and higher college scores on paranoia and mania were associated with exercise behavior at midlife. These data suggest that early adulthood personality predictors of exercise behavior at midlife are both gender-neutral and gender-specific; that is, where no gender differences exist, healthier personality traits predict exercise at midlife, and when gender differences do occur, healthier college patterns of personality predict exercise behavior for men and sedentary behavior for women.
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PMID:Personality factors differentially predict exercise behavior in men and women. 910 71


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