Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Psychological impairments can occur during the course of major endocrine diseases. These impairments range from mild affective-cognitive-behavioral disturbances to frank psychoses. The former are rather specific for each hormonal disorder and disappear with the hormonal correction. The latter, instead, seem to be quite nonspecific and include depression, mania, schizophrenia-like and organic brain syndromes which appear at random in each endocrinopathy, not always regressing with hormonal recovery, and apparently correlating more with the severity than with the nosographic classification of the metabolic disturbances. It is suggested that age-related physiological changes of hormonal and psychological patterns mimic those occurring in neuroendocrine diseases and that, possibly, common brain biochemical changes may underlie the two phenomena.
 ...
PMID:Psychopathological aspects of neuroendocrine diseases: possible parallels with the psychoendocrine aspects of normal aging. 135 3

Seasonal relapses of affective disorder are known. We report 12 patients who had season-linked relapses during a prospective follow-up period of 4 years. There were both winter and summer relapses of mania and depression. The centre is in the tropical zone, with lesser variation of sunshine and temperature than in more extreme latitudes. This may inference the pattern of relapse in affective disorder. Differences in relapses between tropical and temperate zones need to be investigated.
 ...
PMID:Seasonal relapses in affective disorder in the Tropics: a prospective follow-up of 12 patients. 136 Jan 67

In the past 5 years, we have witnessed the continuation of important trends in clinical research that began earlier in the decade. With regard to the treatment of specific disorders in children and adolescents, the most significant developments have been the examination of the tricyclics for the treatment of depression and the initiation of controlled studies for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Unfortunately, the findings from the depression studies have been uniformly negative, and the results of research on both depression and tic disorders show a relatively high rate of placebo responsivity, which raises nagging questions about the role of case reports and open trials. Another important trend in pediatric psychopharmacotherapy is the search for substitutes for the neuroleptics. Potential candidates include agents such as lithium, naltrexone, fenfluramine, clonidine, and carbamazepine. The most underresearched disorders are a combination of the least common (e.g. schizophrenia, mania) and those that are apparently perceived as less serious (e.g. sleep disorders, certain anxiety disorders). Not surprisingly, the most studied disorder and treatment is hyperactivity and stimulant medication, respectively. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the social implications of the associated symptoms and their response to stimulant drugs, aided greatly by the use of direct observation procedures. Researchers are beginning to attend to the implications of comorbidity for assessing response to medication. There has been additional confirmation of efficacy of stimulant treatment for preschoolers and adolescents. Dose-response issues remain to some extent unresolved, the primary impediments being interpretive misconceptions associated with trend analysis, an overreliance on the syndromal perspective and too little attention to target behaviors and their clinical implications, and the failure to operationalize the minimal effective dose with regard to the normalization and supranormalization of target and collateral behaviors. Disagreement over whether hyperactivity is a learning or a behavior disorder (or both) and what academic underproductivity means clinically and socially is also impeding progress. With regard to developmental disorders, controlled studies indicate that fenfluramine and naltrexone are effective for managing associated symptoms in some individuals. However, given the limited amount of research on these agents, their status as clinically useful palliatives must be considered tentative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Pediatric psychopharmacotherapy: a review of recent research. 137 Nov 22

A potential role of dopamine in bipolar disorder has been suggested by several strands of evidence, namely the ability of dopaminergic agonists to induce mania and the effects of lithium, carbamazepine and the antipsychotics on central dopamine receptors and/or turnover. We therefore aimed to determine if bipolar disorder in two large bipolar pedigrees was linked to the recently cloned dopamine D1 (DRD1) and D2 (DRD2) receptors. (These have been mapped to chromosomal regions 5q35.1 and 11q22.3-q23, respectively). Linkage of bipolar disorder and recurrent depression to DRD1 and DRD2 was tested using a series of genetic models with varying penetrance levels. Additionally, linkage was examined using a series of levels of definitions of affective status (ranging from bipolar I alone to all affective illnesses). Close linkage to these markers was strongly excluded using each model and definition. The findings for DRD1 also persisted when a wide range of rates of 'sporadic' (non-genetic) presentations of illness were incorporated in the analysis, but the DRD2 results did not remain statistically significant at high sporadic rates. The exclusion of linkage to DRD2 is consistent with other recent reports.
 ...
PMID:Exclusion of close linkage of bipolar disorder to dopamine D1 and D2 receptor gene markers. 138 98

The recurrent nature of mania and depression has led to a search for factors that might predict the timing of episodes. There has recently been a resurgence of interest in the possibility that seasonal changes may precipitate affective illness.
 ...
PMID:Seasonal affective disorders. 139 20

Observational methods were used to determine whether depressive symptoms in 20 inpatients with major depressive disorder could be observed to change during the course of treatment with antidepressant medication. Four consecutive weekly observation sessions were done using the Emotional Disorders Rating Scale, which collects information about symptoms of depression, mania, anxiety, hostility, and irritability. Only those scales indexing depressive symptoms evidenced change. Significant change was observed between the third and fourth weeks of hospitalization, thereby replicating the findings reported in the adult literature regarding depressive symptoms' responsiveness to antidepressants.
 ...
PMID:Observational measurement of symptoms responsive to treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. 140 42

We estimated the prevalence of psychiatric disability and disorders (depression, mania, schizophrenia, alcohol disorder, drug disorder, antisocial personality, and somatization) in the parents, siblings, and children of three groups of index cases: primary care patients with somatization disorder (n = 70), primary care patients who approached, but did not reach, DSM-III-R criteria for somatization disorder (n = 29), and randomly-selected community residents with no psychiatric disorder (n = 1633). Nearly all psychiatric disorders were more common in relatives of both patient samples than in relatives of community residents, and the patient samples rarely differed from each other. In the patient samples, the 22.9% rate of patients with multiple unexplained medical problems is substantially higher than previous investigations of somatization would predict. The most common disorders in patients' relatives were depression and alcohol disorder. There was little difference in the rates of depression in relatives of somatization patients who were or were not themselves depressed. A similar pattern occurred for alcohol disorder. There was a high risk for antisocial personality disorder in parents of patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for somatization disorder, but this increase was not found for other relatives.
 ...
PMID:Family psychiatric history of patients with somatization disorder. 141 May 44

In the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression study, data were collected on 2226 first-degree relatives of 612 probands. A second, "blind" reassessment of all relatives was attempted 6 years after the initial evaluation. We report on a final sample of 1629 relatives assessed twice using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version. We summarize methods for using stability of diagnosis to model the relationship between clinical covariates and the probability of being a true case. Moreover, we define an index of caseness that can be used to narrow the criteria for who is a case. Of those positive for major depressive disorder at initial evaluation, 74% were positive (on a lifetime basis) at follow-up (ie, were stable). There is a gradient: 48% of those who had three symptoms and no treatment were stable, compared with 96% of those with eight symptoms and treatment. For major depressive disorder, we found the caseness index for those with lifetime mania more severe than that of nonbipolar patients, with those who had hypomania being intermediate. A hierarchical analysis indicated that bipolar I tends to be diagnosed as schizoaffective-manic across occasions, and vice versa. This is consistent with the prior familial analyses that suggest these two diagnoses be combined into a single bipolar phenotype. The analysis for major depressive disorder indicates that caseness appears to represent quantitative, rather than qualitative, differences, with no natural cutoff to identify distinct subgroups. Finally, we discuss implications including utility in genetic analyses, estimation of incidence or prevalence allowing for diagnostic error, and examination of cohort effects.
 ...
PMID:Stability of psychiatric diagnoses. An application to the affective disorders. 141 36

Depression, mania and probably starvation all induce changes in pineal function. At present it is unknown what secondary effects on the endocrine and other systems are produced by these changes. Studies in rats have established an entraining effect of melatonin on locomotor activity and a feedback effect on the pineal itself. Studies of jet-lag and of sleep dysregulation in a blind subject established that melatonin treatment has a synchronizing effect in these conditions. Further investigations will be necessary to establish whether melatonin reduction in depression and other disorders leads secondarily to dysregulation of other circadian rhythms.
 ...
PMID:Day-night rhythm disturbance, pineal function and human disease. 142 35

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was carried out to compare the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in outpatients with moderate to moderately severe depression without mania. Paroxetine was found to be an effective antidepressant drug when compared to placebo. For most of the measures of efficacy the benefit appeared after two weeks of therapy, but sleep was improved after one week. Patients taking paroxetine complained of more adverse effects than those on placebo; they were mainly gastrointestinal with nausea the most commonly reported.
 ...
PMID:A double-blind comparison of paroxetine and placebo in the treatment of depressed outpatients. 143 Oct 7


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>