Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The psychotropic drug therapy knowledge of eight types of health care practitioners was studied. An examination, dealing with case studies of schizophrenia, depression and mania, was developed. The categories of practitioners were: (1) clinical pharmacists in psychiatric practice, (2) psychiatrists, (3) physicians (nonpsychiatrists), (4) hospital pharmacists in mental health institutions, (5) hospital pharmacists in nonmental health institutions, (6) community pharmacists, (7) nurses in mental health institutions, and (8) nurses in nonmental health institutions. The specific areas of drug knowledge tested were: diagnosis; drug selection; side effects; adverse reactions; monitoring parameters; influence of other disease states; drug-drug interactions; drug-laboratory test interactions; and clinical drug judgment. Clinical pharmacists in psychiatric practice and psychiatrists had the highest scores, and the scores of these two groups were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Nurses practicing in nonmental health institutions had the lowest scores. The results suggested that clinical pharmacists trained in psychotropic drug therapy may be competent to manage this therapy of patients in mental health institutions. Patients receiving this therapy in nonpsychiatric facilities and in ambulatory environments are being served by physicians, nurses and pharmacists whose knowledge of psychotropic drug therapy may be inadequate.
 ...
PMID:Psychotropic drug therapy knowledge of health care practitioners. 125 83

A review of clinical experience with 163 patients with primary affective disorder indicates that patients with a history characterized by recurrent depression interspersed with periods of hypomania (bipolar II) may have clinical courses that are distinguishable from bipolar I (depression with histories of mania) or unipolar patients. A prior history of suicide attempt and suicide after discharge from the research unit were most frequent among bipolar II patients. The family histories of bipolar I and bipolar II patients revealed similarly increased morbid risks for bipolar illness, whereas no bipolar illness was found in the first-degree relatives of unipolar patients. The suggestion that patients classified as bipolar II be separately considered in future studies of affective disorder is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness. 126 75

In order to prevent patients from stealing, two categories of delinquents are to be taken into consideration: Those who suffer from somatic diseases and psychoses, e.g. prophyria, hypoglycemia, hebephrenia, schizophrenia, depression, mania or epileptic semiconscious states must be treated according to the basic sickness and by means of a supporting psychotherapy. In court exculpation should be recommended. Other people who fell the urge to steal are psychosocially disturbed. This may begin with lying, bad results at school and during professional or university training, and sometimes with running away from home. As soon as the family doctor observes these or similar phenomena, he should inform the parents, in order to start a preventive therapy of the family together with the prospective thief.
 ...
PMID:[Preventive psychotherapy for prevention of stealing]. 126 57

The author reviews the studies of lithium as an antidepressant, evaluates the evidence that there might be specific subgroup of patients for whom it is effective, and reports a study he and his associates conducted that found lithium to be effective for 13 of 21 depressed patients. He concludes that there is convincing, although not conclusive, evidence for an antidepressant effect of lithium and that only by identifying the subgroup of patients for whom it is effective can the continuing uncertainty surrounding lithium's role in affective disorder be resolved. He also calls for a reevaluation of the relationship between mania and depression.
 ...
PMID:Lithium in the treatment of depression. 126 33

On the basis of medical records of 353 patients with affective disorder from the years 1919-1938 and 1947-1990 it was found that some demographic and clinical changes occurred. Amongst others there was observed a rise in the percentage of patients with depression from 1/3 to 2/3 and a fall in the number of patients suffering from mania.
 ...
PMID:[Selected demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with affective disorder treated in the Tworki Hospital in the years 1919- 1938 and 1947-1990]. 130 3

Animal data indicate that serotonin (5-HT) is a major neurotransmitter involved in the control of numerous central nervous system functions including mood, aggression, pain, anxiety, sleep, memory, eating behavior, addictive behavior, temperature control, endocrine regulation, and motor behavior. Moreover, there is evidence that abnormalities of 5-HT functions are related to the pathophysiology of diverse neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, dystonia, Huntington's disease, familial tremor, restless legs syndrome, myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, and dementia. The psychiatric disorders of schizophrenia, mania, depression, aggressive and self-injurious behavior, obsessive compulsive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, substance abuse, hypersexuality, anxiety disorders, bulimia, childhood hyperactivity, and behavioral disorders in geriatric patients have been linked to impaired central 5-HT functions. Tryptophan, the natural amino acid precursor in 5-HT biosynthesis, increases 5-HT synthesis in the brain and, therefore, may stimulate 5-HT release and function. Since it is a natural constituent of the diet, tryptophan should have low toxicity and produce few side effects. Based on these advantages, dietary tryptophan supplementation has been used in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders with variable success. This review summarizes current clinical use of tryptophan supplementation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
 ...
PMID:L-tryptophan in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. 130 30

Erythrocyte membrane Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity was studied in drug naive patients with bipolar (BP) mania (n = 62) and unipolar (UP) depression (n = 60) and normal controls (n = 66). Compared to controls there was a significantly decreased Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in UP depressives but no change in BP manics. However, lithium treatment caused a significant increase in Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity although there was no correlation between plasma lithium levels and enzyme activity. Plasma cortisol correlated inversely with Na+,K(+)-ATPase in UP depressives. Interestingly, the lithium responders [less than 50% Beck Rafaelson's Mania Rating Scale (BRMS) score] showed a significant increase in Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity compared to lithium nonresponders (greater than 50% BRMS score). These observations indicate that monitoring of Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity during lithium therapy is useful to predict a therapeutic response.
 ...
PMID:Erythrocyte membrane sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity in affective disorders. 132 2

The findings on dopamine in mood disorders suggest that decreased dopamine activity is involved in depression, while increased dopamine function contributes to mania. This report reviews the considerable preclinical and clinical evidence supporting this hypothesis, with particular emphasis on specific subtypes of depression. We also discuss the importance of integrating these dopamine findings with dopamine brain circuitry and with other neurotransmitter theories of affective disorders.
 ...
PMID:The role of dopamine in mood disorders. 129 35

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and somatostatin (SRIF) were measured in female psychiatric inpatients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of major depression, mania, generalized anxiety and somatization disorder. In addition, elderly patients with dementia disorders, with or without concomitant major depression, were also investigated. CSF SRIF was not significantly different among these groups; on the other hand, mean CSF CRH concentrations were significantly higher in major depression and in dementia with depression as compared with neurological controls with no psychiatric disorders. CSF CRH levels in mania, simple dementia, or anxiety or somatization disorder were not significantly different from the controls. Background physical or clinical variables did not account for the differences in CRH concentrations. It is concluded that CSF CRH elevation may be present in some patients with major depression independent of age and an underlying dementia disorder.
 ...
PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides in mood disorder and dementia. 135 20

Optimal treatment of mood disorders and prevention of suicide requires biological and psychosocial methods, therapeutic alliance and psycho-education. In moderate unipolar depression an antidepressant may be sufficient, if necessary potentiated by another antidepressant or triiodothyronine. In moderate bipolar depression lithium or carbamazepine are preferred. In severe unipolar and bipolar depression the combination of an antidepressant and lithium (or carbamazepine) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is indicated, in psychotic depression neuroleptics, too. Non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are the most potent antidepressants. Moderate acute mania and mixed state may respond to lithium, carbamazepine or valproate only. In severe cases a neuroleptic and lithium are combined, or these drugs may be combined with carbamazepine or valproate. Electroconvulsive therapy is preferable in acute mixed states with marked confusion or depression. In chronic mixed state and rapid cycling, withdrawal of antidepressants and neuroleptics should be tried. Most patients will need a combination of lithium and carbamazepine or valproate. Added to these drugs, antidepressants are less risky. Adding thyroxin may stabilize rapid cycling. The combination of lithium and an antidepressant is the most potent prophylaxis in unipolar disorder and bipolar disorder dominated by depression.
 ...
PMID:[Affective disorders. Drug treatment and electroconvulsive therapy]. 135 73


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>