Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article reviews progress in the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception (OC) Study, an ongoing cohort survey of the effects of OCs on the health of users. since the study was launched in 1968, 1400 general practitioners in the UK have recruited 23,000 OC users and 23,000 matched controls who have never used OCs. At present, 19,000 women remain under observation. 36% of study subjects who discontinued OC use cited intercurrent morbidity, chiefly psychological depression, as the reason. Neurotic depression is associated with the estrogen content of combined OCs, but the risk is small and there is no excess risk associated with estrogen doses of 35 mcg or less. Although OC use is linked with gallbladder disease in women susceptible to this disease, there are no more cases reported in OC users than in nonusers. Also observed has been a strong interrelationship between the progestogen dose of OCs, the lowering of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, and the rate of arterial disease. Duration of use does not seem to influence the incidence of arterial disease; cigarette smoking among OC users is the major associated risk factor. The risk of dying from an arterial disease is greater for an OC user with the disease than a nonuser with the disease. The increased risk of death from a circulatory disease associated with OC use is further significantly linked to the parity of the affected woman. The data suggest that nonsmokers ca safely use low progestogen dose OCs up to age 45 years. Although study data suggest a 3-fold increased risk of breast cancer in OC users ages 30-35 years, these results are attributed to chance. Evidence of an association between OC use and cervical cancer is stronger, but it is unlikely that more than 1 in 3000 users/year would be affected. There is increasing recognition that most women receive a higher steroid dose than they need. Development of a simple test capable of determining steroid absorption and metabolism would facilitate individualized dose adjustments.
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PMID:The Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study: some recent observations. 650 58

Fifty patients with severe weight loss thought to be caused by anorexia nervosa were hospitalized for evaluation. On the basis of psychiatric history and mental state examination, they were divided into three diagnostic categories: anorexia nervosa; other. The MMPI of patients with anorexia nervosa was markedly abnormal, with highest peaks on the D (depression), PT (obsessionality and anxiety), and SC (schizophrenia) scales. This profile was similar to that of patients with obsessional symptoms and neurotic depression, but differed significantly from the profile of patients with low weight but normal mental state examination. These findings suggest that starvation alone does not explain the psychopathological symptoms similar to those with depressive and obsessional symptomatology. The MMPI is useful in differentiating anorexia nervosa from those with lowered weight from nonpsychiatric causes, but does not by itself provide a distinct diagnostic category when compared with neurotic disorders having similar symptom clusters.
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PMID:The MMPI in three groups of patients with significant weight loss. 652 72

A comparative study of neurotic depression in 66 symptomatic community volunteers (SVs) and 43 formal psychiatric patients is reported. Compared to the psychiatric patients the SVs were older and there was a less marked female preponderance. Thier depression was of a longer duration and vegetative symptoms (e.g. appetite and weight loss) were less marked. They were less likely to have made a suicide attempt in the past, less likely to be single or divorced, and much less likely to have experienced a disruption in an intimate relationship in the preceding year. On personality measures the SVs rated as having a more internal locus of control and a higher self-esteem. An Index of Definition cut-off point of 5 or more on the PSE for a neurotic depressive 'case' is supported by the finding that only 2% of the patients, compared with 26% of the SVs, did not rate as 'cases'.
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PMID:A comparative study of neurotic depression in symptomatic volunteers and psychiatric patients. 657 71

During the last 4 years (1979-1982), 4117 patients have been examined in our out-patient department. Since the most important dates of each patient are electronically registered, it was easy to ascertain the frequency of the depressive conditions with the computer. This amounts to 819 and corresponds to 19.9% of the patients examined during that period. The depressive states were divided in 4 categories: 1. depressive reactions, 2. depressive developments, 3. neurotic depressions, and 4. endogenous depressions. Of all depressive patients, only 27 were treated with drugs. The others were treated with the classical methods of the child- and youthpsychiatry, that is psychotherapy including family-therapy, educational measures and interventions in the social field. Patients with a depressive reaction never received any drugs. The few patients who suffered from an endogenous depression all received thymoleptica in combination with a Lithium salt. However, one dozen patients with a neurotic depression respectively with a depressive personality development received various drugs, whereby the antidepressants were leading, but not prescribed alone. Neuroleptica as well as psychotonica were prescribed, especially for children suffering from an infantile psychoorganic syndrome (MBD, ADD) with a depression. Psychotrope substances have their place in the treatment of depressive conditions in childhood. Their scarce and critical use is in the interest of the children.
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PMID:[Clinical aspects of depressive states]. 666 94

A group of first-time mothers (119) were interviewed repeatedly at fixed intervals during their pregnancies and until their babies were a year old; they were then followed up at four years. A similar investigation was carried out on 38 other primiparae and 39 multiparae, but only postnatally. The incidence of depressive neurosis rose significantly in early pregnancy and in the first three months after delivery (10 per cent and 14 per cent of the main sample respectively). Subjects mainly suffered either from antenatal or postnatal depression, not both. Marital conflict and severe doubts about having the baby were associated with depression at either time. Bereavement and preterm birth were the only life events to relate with the onset of depression and bereavement had a greater impact during pregnancy. Depressed mothers were more likely to express negative or mixed feelings about their three-month-old babies. Many who had become depressed for the first time in their lives continued to experience psychological problems for up to four years after childbirth.
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PMID:A prospective study of emotional disorders in childbearing women. 669 75

Anxiety and depression were assessed with self-rating and observer-rating scales on admission and at discharge in 414 inpatients with endogenous or neurotic depression, anxiety neurosis or phobic disorders. The results were compared with findings in a reference group of 2,493 inpatients with a wide range of psychiatric disorders and a representative sample of the general population consisting of 1,952 persons. On admission the patients with anxiety neurosis and all of those with depressive disorders were significantly more anxious than the psychiatric reference group, whereas the phobic patients were only slightly more anxious. As was to be expected, the depressive groups showed the greatest depressivity, whereas the group with anxiety neurosis differed only slightly from the psychiatric reference group and the patients with phobias were actually below this reference group. During the treatment period there was a marked decrease in anxiety among the depressive patients but not in those with anxiety neurosis. The decrease in depressivity in the neurotic depressive patients was much less than in those with endogenous depression. Mixed anxiety depression was found with about the same frequency in both the neurotic and the endogenous depression groups. In general, anxiety and depressivity decreased over the treatment period, with persistence greatest in the anxiety neurosis group. On admission there was a more pronounced connection between anxiety and psychomotor agitation, on discharge between anxiety and psychomotor retardation.
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PMID:Anxiety and depression in affective disorders. 670 Dec 61

Two cases of recurrent major depression, three cases of dysthymic disorder (depressive neurosis), and one of adjustment disorder with depressed mood beginning in childhood or adolescence have been identified in the 133 subjects of the New York Longitudinal Study. The prospective behavioral data from early infancy to early adult life in each of the six cases are summarized. Differences in etiology are emphasized and the implications for treatment indicated. There was no evidence for a separate clinical entity of depression for the childhood period. Review of the longitudinal data did not show a significant earlier life tendency to negative mood temperamentally. The dysthymic and adjustment disorder cases also did not show significant differences in environmental stresses or parental functioning from other clinical cases in the longitudinal study without depressive symptoms.
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PMID:Depression in childhood and adolescence. A prospective study of six cases. 686 98

Month of admission data to psychiatric facilities in New South Wales, 1971-76, were examined for some 23,000 patients with a depressive disorder to determine if seasonal variations in admissions, described in the northern hemisphere, exist there. In addition, data were examined on month of occurrence of some 3,000 deaths due to suicide and self-inflicted injury, over the same period. Seasonality was demonstrated for three 'psychotic' depressive disorders, but not found for neurotic depression, further supporting the binary view of depression. A peak incidence in spring was found for MDP-mania and reactive depressive psychosis, while the peak incidence for MDP-depression was was in late winter. It is suggested that the increase in certain affective disorders around spring may follow a rapid increase in luminance, and in stimulation of the pineal gland. Suicidal deaths of males did not show significant seasonality, while those of females showed two incidence peaks, the significant one occurring in spring.
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PMID:Seasonal variation in depressive disorders and suicidal deaths in New South Wales. 710 54

Psychiatric manifestations were studied in 72 amputees in the post-operative period. All were right handed. Besides phantom limb phenomena, which were observed in nearly four-fifths of the cases and are described in another paper, nearly two-thirds had psychiatric symptoms inthe form of depression (45 patients), anxiety (38), crying spells (38), insomnia (34), loss of appetite (23), suicidal ideas (21) and psychotic behaviour (2). Right arm amputees had phantom phenomena and insomnia significantly more often than left. Nearly one-fifth of the cases were diagnosed as having psychotic depressive reactions, two-fifths as having depressive neurosis and two, both with right upper limb amputations, as schizophrenic.
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PMID:A psychiatric study of amputees. 711 72

Twenty-three depressive inpatients and the same number of matched non-psychiatric controls were examined on three occasions - following admission, 14 days after, and 28 days after the admission - by administering a self-rating questionnaire of time awareness and Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression (HRS). The patients were found to feel time passing slowly. This was correlated with the severity of depression expressed as the total HRS score. No significant differences emerged between diagnostic groups, namely endogenous depression, neurotic depression, and schizophrenia or paranoid state with depressive symptoms. Correlations of the time awareness with symptoms listed in the HRS also denied a specific relationship of time awareness to specific diagnoses. The subjective feeling of slow time flow reflects, therefore, the depth of depressive state in general, which is nevertheless not specific to any diagnostic subcategory.
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PMID:Time passes slowly for patients with depressive state. 712 24


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