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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

National series of psychiatric inpatients studied in Scandinavian countries and in England and Wales have all shown that compared with live births in the general population, schizophrenic patients have a significant excess of births in the early months of the year. But there has been disagreement on whether a similar birth distribution holds for manic-depression. The present paper presents new data on the seasonal distribution of births of patients born in England and Wales between 1921 and 1955. Compared with all live births, manic-depression was associated with a significant excess of births in the first quarter, and a corresponding deficiency in the third quarter of the year. Neurotic depression showed no such association. Possible reasons for the disagreement among national findings for manic-depression include difference in the proportion of first ever admissions in the series, differences in age structure, and differences in diagnostic practice and classification. The importance of the age structure of a series is considered in relation to: a) the possible effect of age on the manifestation of a disorder associated with some seasonally related constitutional damage; b) the possibility of secular variation in the severity of a seasonally related noxious factor; and c) the effect of age incidence on distorting the expected seasonal distribution of births in any series of cases.
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PMID:Manic-depressive psychosis and season of birth. 115 4

Patients with severe depression have been observed previously to have a reduced rate of glucose utilization accompanied by elevated serum insulin levels during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) and a reduced metabolic responsiveness to exogenous insulin during the insulin tolerance test (ITT). These abnormalities were less obvious in patients with neurotic depression as compared to patients with severe endogenous or "psychotic" depression. To evaluate more fully the relationships of depressive symptomatology to these metabolic abnormalities, patients were rated by nursing staff on a short clinical rating scale (SCRS) and by a psychiatrist on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) at the time the metabolic measurements were made. Patients were given the GTT and the ITT once when they were off medication and symptomatic and then again 3 to 8 weeks later when symptoms had decreased following amitriptyline treatment. Fasting serum-free fatty acid levels (FFA) had a significant positive correlation to rating of anxiety. Fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and human growth hormone (HGH) did not significantly correlate to any of the ratings. A decreased rate of glucose utilization (k) correlated significantly with increased ratings of motor retardation, emotional withdrawal, and blunt affects, but not to other depressive symptoms. The responsiveness of FFA and HGH during the ITT was significantly less in patients with more severe symptomatology; responsiveness improved when those patients improved. Neither incorrelated to the ratings. These data suggest that within the sydrome of depression, increased FFA is realated to anxiety, decreased glucose utilization is related to motor retardation, emotional withdrawal, and blunt affect, and that decreased FFA and HGH responsiveness to insulin is a nonspecific correlate of the general depressive syndrome.
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PMID:Depressive symptoms and the glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test. 119 11

Moclobemide was compared to placebo in two parallel groups of depressed patients, in a multicenter randomized, double-blind study of six weeks treatment duration. Forty seven patients participated in the study: 23 received moclobemide (flexible dose 300-600 mg/day) and 24 placebo. They were evaluated weekly for efficacy and tolerability. Moclobemide was more efficacious than placebo as judged by analysis on the total score on the Hamilton depression scale (p < 0.05) and by the overall assessment of efficacy (p < 0.01). Moclobemide was also more effective than placebo in the subgroup with neurotic depression (p < 0.05). In addition, the number of patients prematurely terminating treatment for inefficacy, was higher in the placebo than in the moclobemide group (12 versus 2, p < 0.01). The number and the severity of side-effects tended to be slightly greater in the moclobemide than in the placebo group, but this did not reach a level of significance. Cardiovascular tolerability was good in both treatment groups. No hypertensive crisis was reported. Hematology, clinical chemistry and urine analysis were not affected by the treatment in any clinically significant fashion.
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PMID:Controlled comparison of RO 11-1163 (moclobemide) and placebo in the treatment of depression. 134 9

Predominant psychopathology in a selected population group--adolescents and young adults at school--in a developing country, is described. The highly selective referral to services was supplemented by active case finding in the community over three years. There were 54 cases of somaticised anxiety (brain fag); 22 cases of depressive neurosis characterised by hypochondriasis, cognitive complaints, and culturally determined paranoid ideation; 23 cases of 'hysteria' in the form of dissociative states, pseudoseizures and fugues; and 39 cases of brief reactive psychosis which differed from the dissociative states more in duration and intensity than in form. There was a temporal relationship between transient psychosis and the school calendar. Anxiety or depression often predated the florid psychotic reaction which served as a form of help-seeking behaviour or defence in intolerable stress.
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PMID:Relationship between the neuroses and brief reactive psychosis: descriptive case studies in Africa. 138 27

In a large multicenter effort, major depressives were systematically studied at index admission and prospectively followed up for 5 years. Primary unipolar depressives with a family history of alcoholism (depression spectrum disease) differ from depressives with a family history of depression only (familial pure depressive disease) in having more familial anxiety and somatization disorder, more divorce, more suicide attempts, more negative life events, and needed more time to recover from the index episode. In the 5-year follow-up they are more likely to develop alcoholism and drug abuse. Depressive spectrum disease patients are more likely to meet systematic criteria for neurotic depression. The data suggest that major depression is a syndrome that is heterogeneous, and may be a final common pathway of more than one familial illnesses.
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PMID:Familial subtypes of unipolar depression: a prospective study of familial pure depressive disease compared to depression spectrum disease. 146 81

A group of 1070 community-living persons aged 65 and over was assessed using the GMS-AGECAT package and other interviews at years 0 and 3. Year 3 interviewers were 'blind' to the findings at year 0, and the prevalence of organic disorders and depression was very similar in both years. According to the results at year 3, minimum and maximum prevalence figures for dementia at year 0 were 2.4% and 3.8% for moderate to severe and 0.4% and 2.4% for mild or early cases, with a best estimate of 3.5% and 0.8%, or 4.3% overall, divided into: senile, Alzheimer's type 3.3%; vascular 0.7%; and alcohol-related 0.3%. The overall incidence of dementia, clinically confirmed by six-year follow-up, was 9.2/1000 per year (Alzheimer type 6.3, vascular 1.9, alcohol related 1.0). Three years later, 72.0% of those with depressive psychosis and 62.3% of those with depressive neurosis were either dead or had some kind of psychiatric illness. Nearly 60% of milder depressive cases (7.2% of the total sample) had either died or developed a chronic mental illness. The outcome of depressive pseudodementias is equivocal so far. Findings at year 3 provide validation of AGECAT computer diagnosis against outcome; organic and depression diagnoses are seen to have important implications for prognosis.
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PMID:Alzheimer's disease, other dementias, depression and pseudodementia: prevalence, incidence and three-year outcome in Liverpool. 842 28

The purpose of this study was to find psychiatric, behavioral and social characteristics that predict subsequent anxiety syndromes in men. Questionnaire data were collected in a cohort of all 50,465 men in Sweden who were conscripted for military training. By record linkage with the national psychiatric inpatient register, we identified 68 probands with pure anxiety neurosis occurring in the cohort during a 13-year follow-up period. Baseline characteristics were categorized into 8 variables that were entered into logistic regression models. We found that reported treatment with psychoactive drugs and perceived mental health problems at baseline increased the odds of being admitted for anxiety neurosis by 1.9 and 1.8. Other predictors were family problems (odds ratio = 2.0) and having a family member being treated with psychoactive drugs (odds ratio = 1.7). Univariate relative risks were higher, and a psychiatric diagnosis at conscription conferred a relative risk of anxiety neurosis of 2.2. A similar profile was obtained for subjects admitted for a depressive neurosis, in support of the continuum hypothesis between anxiety and depression. We conclude that the necessity of admission for anxiety neurosis in young men originates in genuine mental symptoms in the family setting.
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PMID:Antecedents of anxiety syndromes in a cohort of 50,465 young men in Sweden. A prospective analysis of self-reported and professionally assessed psychosocial characteristics. 154 41

This article provides a brief overview of the changing nature of the concept of minor depression. It then discusses treatment studies conducted from 1980 to 1991 of patients diagnosed as neurotic depression, depressive neurosis or dysthymia, characterologic depression, "double depression" and minor depression or dysthymia, if there has been a full remission of a major depressive episode lasting at least six months prior to the development of dysthymia. Long-term treatment of chronic depression is also reviewed. Cognitive-behavioral intervention and marital therapy have been reported beneficial for patients diagnosed as having neurotic depression, characterological depression, or dysthymia. All studies of antidepressant drug treatment showed drugs to be efficacious and superior to placebo, with few differences found between drugs. In addition, they all showed the importance of analyzing the interactions between treatment and severity or diagnosis. Patients diagnosed as "double depression" also appear responsive to both psychosocial intervention and drug treatment; in general, however, these patients tend to have a poor long-term outcome and continued treatment is indicated. The most obvious finding to emerge from this review is that the diagnosis of minor depression is ambiguous, in large part because of the lack of defining criteria related to severity and course. The review also revealed that in addition to poorly defined subgroups, many studies lacked controls, had small sample sizes, inadequate and/or inconsistent measures of outcome, and limited follow-up. For these reasons, their findings cannot be considered conclusive. Finally, the literature revealed a dearth of controlled studies of psychosocial treatment for well defined subgroups of neurotic depression.
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PMID:A review of treatment studies of minor depression: 1980-1991. 154 54

The Hospital Discharge Survey of 1980 and 1985 was used to assess changes in diagnostic case mix of psychiatric inpatient care in short-term, nonfederal general hospitals. Information regarding presence of psychiatric and chemical dependency units was added to both surveys, and information regarding exemption from Medicare's PPS system was noted for 1985. The largest increase was in ICD-9 code 296 (affective disorder), which more than doubled in frequency, along with a similar decrease in Diagnosis-Related Group 426, depressive neurosis. One explanation for this sizable shift was "gaming the system." One cannot conclusively, however, distinguish between gaming the system and the effects of changing professional views of depression during this time period. Other variables potentially contributing to the effect are described as well.
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PMID:Changes in diagnostic case mix in psychiatric care in general hospitals, 1980-85. 160 Dec 90

A total of 33 patients with associated alcoholism and depressive syndrome were examined. Of these, 23 persons were diagnosed to suffer from depressive neurosis, 9 had reactive and 1 endogenous depression. After the reflexotherapy the depressive symptomatology was removed in all the cases excluding endogenous depression. The alcoholism symptomatology disappeared simultaneously. The authors regard reflexotherapy as an adequate modality to be applied to the combined treatment of patients suffering from associated alcoholism and depression.
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PMID:[Reflexotherapy in the treatment of alcoholics with depressive syndrome]. 164 36


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