UMLS:C0011570 - FACTA Search

Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The interferons (IFN) act too slowly to arrest acute viral infections, but interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) preparations have proved useful in some chronic infections and will clearly be used increasingly in these in the future. In the preparations derived from human leucocytes or cultured B lymphoblastoid cells, which are in routine clinical use, mixtures of a number of distinct subtypes of human IFN alpha have been identified. There are also 3 slightly different versions of the same single subtype, IFN alpha-2, made by recombinant DNA procedures in bacteria. IFN alpha preparations are injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Dose-related side effects are common but usually tolerable, but prolonged treatment may cause increasing fatigue and depression. Some patients form neutralising antibodies which block the effects of the IFN; these appear to be relatively more common after recombinant IFN alpha-2 than after IFN derived from human cells. Given intranasally, IFN alpha can prevent a subsequent experimental rhinovirus infection, or the spread of natural colds within a family. Repeated administration progressively damages the nasal mucosa, so that long term prophylaxis is not possible. IFN alpha has proved useful in patients with papillomavirus warts of the larynx, ano-genital region (condyloma acuminata) and skin (common warts). Treatment regimens remain to be optimised and are likely to include surgery or other treatments. IFN alpha and zidovudine (azidothymidine) synergistically inhibit the growth of HIV in vitro, and combination are on trial in patients with early AIDS. Very large doses of IFN alpha are effective against Kaposi's sarcoma in some AIDS patients. In chronic hepatitis B, continuing virus replication may lead to cirrhosis or primary liver cancer. Earlier clinical trials with IFN alpha gave inconclusive results, but recent large studies have confirmed that 25 to 40% of patients obtain benefit; this probably results from both the antiviral and the immunomodulatory effects of IFN alpha. In patients with chronic hepatitis C, the biochemical markers usually improve rapidly during IFN alpha administration, but relapse if treatment is stopped after only a few months; to increase the chances of sustained cure, the treatment period is now being prolonged.
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PMID:The use of interferon-alpha in virus infections. 172 72

Tamoxifen was administered in the diet (420 p.p.m.) to female F344 (Fischer), Wistar (LAC-P) and LEW (Lewis) rats to determine for each strain the early morphological and biochemical changes associated with the subsequent development of liver cancer. Hepatic DNA damage, as determined by 32P-postlabelling, showed a cumulative increase with time from 500 adducts/10(8) nucleotides at 30 days to almost 3000 adducts/10(8) nucleotides after 180 days, with little difference between strains at this time point. A significant strain difference was found in the number of adducts present in the Fischer rats at 90 days, compared to the Wistar and Lewis strains. There was a marked strain differences in the time to development of liver tumours. After 6 months treatment, both Wistar and Lewis rats had tumours while none were seen in the Fischer animals. After 11 months, all of the Wistar and Lewis rats had developed liver carcinoma, while the Fischer rats developed liver carcinoma by 20 months. Depression in cell proliferation, relative to age-matched controls, was seen in the livers of Fischer rats after six months of exposure to tamoxifen, in contrast to an increase in the Wistar and Lewis rats. This observation is consistent with the promotion of foci to tumours and the subsequent progression of tumours to carcinomas in the latter two strains. These data may assist in establishing the possible risk factors, such as extent of DNA damage and increased liver cell proliferation, to women with long-term prophylactic exposure to tamoxifen.
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PMID:DNA damage as assessed by 32P-postlabelling in three rat strains exposed to dietary tamoxifen: the relationship between cell proliferation and liver tumour formation. 778 46

Alcohol and drug abuse are the two main addictions in the elderly subject. Prevalence of alcohol dependency is 14% in those over 65 years of age and 17% in elderly psychiatric patients. The distribution of alcoholism between the sexes becomes equal with age. After 65 years of age, the sex-ratio is 1 female to 1.3 male subjects. The elderly alcoholic population consists of both subjects having become alcoholics at a young age and those in whom alcoholic behaviour appeared at a late age. In one third of elderly alcoholics such dependency appeared after 60 years of age. The main risk factors for alcoholism in the elderly subject are lonliness, death of the spouse and the presence of an invalid or bedridden spouse. In the elderly, tolerance to and dependence on alcohol are rare and appear late. Somatic complications are particularly severe (cirrhosis, liver cancer, gastritis, acute pancreatitis and myocardial involvement). Psychiatric complications include anxiety, depression and especially suicide. Alcoholism is the third most frequent cause of organic cerebral dementia, following Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Drug dependency is very often linked to alcoholism and consists of tranquillizers and less often of antalgics.
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PMID:[Addictive behavior in the elderly]. 793 9

In previous studies, we reported that fasting/refeeding has a role in sustaining the initiation of liver cancer by a subnecrogenic (noninitiating) dose of diethylnitrosamine (DENA). This research investigated whether the metabolic alterations imposed by fasting/refeeding provide an imbalance between the generation of carcinogenic molecules and the scavenger defense mechanisms in rat liver. Metabolism of DENA, levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and GSH transferase (GST) activity, as well as basal and stimulated malondialdehyde (MDA) production, were examined. Rats fasted for 4 days showed a decrease in the liver levels of GSH, GST activity, monounsaturated fatty acids and % of labeled nuclei. After 1 day of refeeding, at which point DENA was administered, the levels of GSH recovered, GST activity remained below control values, basal and stimulated MDA production and content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver phospholipids decreased. One day after DENA treatment, MDA production further decreased, although the % of labeled nuclei increased. No significant changes in the content of arachidonic acid, the main target of peroxidation, were observed at any time. The results indicated that the induction of the hepatocellular carcinoma was associated with a depression of GST activity and lipid peroxidation when rats were given 20 mg/kg of DENA after 1 day of refeeding after 4-day fasting.
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PMID:Liver cancer is induced by a subnecrogenic dose of DENA when associated with fasting/refeeding: role of glutathione-transferase and lipid peroxidation. 1038 Dec 5

Liver cancer is a leading cancer in Taiwan, especially in males. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a major treatment for these patients, but research examining their fatigue experiences is limited. The purposes of this longitudinal, correlational study were to identify (1) changes in fatigue, symptom distress, anxiety and depression in cancer patients across four time points during the first week of TACE treatment, and (2) factors predicting changes in fatigue across the four time points. Eligible male inpatients with liver cancer were recruited from a medical center in Taipei. Subjects (n=40) were assessed 1 day before (T1), and during days 2 (T2), 4 (T3) and 6 (T4) of TACE. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the generalized estimating equation (GEE). Subjects had mild to moderate levels of fatigue that peaked at T2, and showed a decrease at T3 and T4 but were still slightly higher than at T1. The GEE analysis showed that greater symptom distress, anxiety and depression, higher Adriamycin dosage, longer duration of previous fatigue, and less education significantly predicted fatigue changes. The results indicate that the pattern of fatigue in TACE during the first week is similar to fatigue in patients receiving chemotherapy. The results also further indicate that fatigue is associated to several factors. The causal relationships between fatigue and these related factors should be examined. Interventions targeting these factors should also be tested in future studies.
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PMID:Fatigue patterns and correlates in male liver cancer patients receiving transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization. 1561 51

This investigation highlighted the risk of cancer in 8074 HIV-infected people and in 2875 transplant recipients in Italy and France. Observed and expected numbers of cancer were compared through sex- and age-standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). After 15 years of follow-up, the cumulative probability of cancer was 14.7% in transplant recipients and 13.3% in HIV-positives. The SIRs for all cancers were 9.8 in HIV-positives and 2.2 in transplants. Kaposi's sarcoma (SIR=451 in HIV-positives, 125 in transplants) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR=62 and 11.1, respectively) were the most common cancers. A significantly increased SIR for liver cancer also emerged in both groups. The risk of lung cancer was significantly elevated in heart transplant recipients (SIR=2.8), and of borderline statistical significance in HIV-positive people (95% CI:0.9-2.8). Immune depression entails a two-fold increased overall risk of cancers, mainly related to cancers associated with a viral aetiology.
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PMID:Risk of cancer following immunosuppression in organ transplant recipients and in HIV-positive individuals in southern Europe. 1776 27

Even after receiving analgesia, patients with gastric and liver cancer still report moderate levels of postoperative pain. The purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy of foot reflexotherapy as adjuvant therapy in relieving pain and anxiety in postoperative patients with gastric cancer and hepatocellular cancer. The study design was a randomized controlled trial. Data were collected from 4 surgical wards of a medical center in 2005 in Taipei, Taiwan. Sixty-one patients who had received surgery for gastric cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma were randomly allocated to an intervention (n = 30) or control (n = 31) group. Patients in the intervention group received the usual pain management plus 20 minutes of foot reflexotherapy during postoperative days 2, 3, and 4. Patients in the control group received usual pain management. Outcome measures included the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire, visual analog scale for pain, summary of the pain medications consumed, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results demonstrated that studied patients reported moderately high levels of pain and anxiety postoperatively while patients were managed with patient-controlled analgesia. Using generalized estimation equations and controlling for confounding variables, less pain (P < .05) and anxiety (P < .05) over time were reported by the intervention group compared with the control group. In addition, patients in the intervention group received significantly less opioid analgesics than the control group (P < .05). Findings from this study provide nurses with an additional treatment to offer postoperative digestive cancer patients.
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PMID:Effects of reflexotherapy on acute postoperative pain and anxiety among patients with digestive cancer. 1849 Aug 86

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can arise from chronic inflammation due to viral infection, organ damage, drug toxicity, or alcohol abuse. Moreover, gene desensitization via aberrant CpG island methylation is a frequent epigenetic defect in HCC. However, the details of how inflammation is linked with epigenetic-mediated desensitization of tumor suppressor genes remains less investigated. In this study, we found that loss of CEBPD enhances the growth of liver cancer cells and is associated with the occurrence of liver cancers, as determined by the assessment of clinical specimens and in vivo animal models. Moreover, E2F1-regulated epigenetic axis attenuated CEBPD expression in liver cancer cells. CEBPD is responsive to the hydroxymethyldibenzoylmethane (HMDB)-induced p38/CREB pathway and plays an important role in the HMDB-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Regarding depression of epigenetic effects to enhance HMDB-induced CEBPD expression, the combination of HMDB and 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzadC) could enhance the death of liver cancer cells and reduce the tumor formation of Huh7 xenograft mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that CEBPD could be a useful diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in HCC. The results also reveal the therapeutic potential for low-dose 5-AzadC to enhance the HMDB-induced death of HCC cells.
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PMID:HMDB and 5-AzadC Combination Reverses Tumor Suppressor CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein Delta to Strengthen the Death of Liver Cancer Cells. 2635 50

Since its identification in 1989, hepatitis C virus (HCV) has emerged as a worldwide health problem with roughly 185 million chronic infections, representing individuals at high risk of developing cirrhosis and liver cancer. In addition to being a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality due to liver disease, HCV has emerged as an important trigger of lymphoproliferative disorders, owing to its lymphotropism, and of a wide spectrum of extra-hepatic manifestations (HCV-EHMs) affecting different organ systems. The most frequently observed HCV-EHMs include mixed cryoglobulinemia and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, nephropathies, thyreopathies, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and several neurological conditions. In addition, neuropsychiatric disorders and neurocognitive dysfunction are reported in nearly 50% of patients with chronic HCV infection, which are independent of the severity of liver disease or HCV replication rates. Fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression and reduced quality of life are commonly associated with neurocognitive alterations in patients with non-cirrhotic chronic HCV infection, regardless of the stage of liver fibrosis and the infecting genotype. These manifestations, which are the topic of this review, typically occur in the absence of structural brain damage or signal abnormalities on conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although metabolic and microstructural changes can be detected by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, perfusion-weighted and diffusion tensor MRI, and neurophysiological tests of cognitive processing. Several lines of evidence, including comparative and longitudinal neuropsychological assessments in patients achieving spontaneous or treatment-induced viral clearance, support a major pathogenic role for HCV in neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive disorders.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus-associated neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders: Advances in 2015. 2657 86

The aim of this study is to investigate traditional Chinese medicine syndrome (TCMS) patterns and their association with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB). Patients were categorized according to the phase of CHB, as follows: immune tolerance (ITP); immune clearance (ICP); low or nonreplication (LRP); reactivation (RAP); hepatic cirrhosis (HC); and primary liver cancer (PLC). TCMS patterns were classified among the following types: spleen-kidney deficiency (SKD); liver-qi depression (LQD); damp-heat in liver-gallbladder (LGDH); liver-kidney deficiency (LKD); and blood stasis blocking collateral (BSBC). HBsAg levels and other serological indicators were quantified for all patients and their association with TCMS was statistically analyzed and determined. Two hundred and eighty-nine patients with CHB were included. During the natural history of CHB, TCMS patterns were statistically different among the different phases (P < 0.001). The most frequently occurring syndromes among the six progressive phases were SKD, LGDH, LKD, LGDH, BSBC, and LGDH, respectively. The predominant patterns in the inactive stage (ITP + LRP), active stage (ICP + RAP), and late or advanced stage (HC + PLC) were SKD (31%), LGDH (51.8%) and BSBC (34.4%), respectively. Median HBsAg levels were also statistically different among the five patterns of TCMS (P < 0.001). The highest HBsAg levels were observed in SKD (4.48 log₁₀ IU/mL). Medium levels were in LQD (3.91 log₁₀ IU/mL) and LGDH (3.90 log₁₀ IU/mL). The lowest HBsAg levels were in LKD (3.60 log₁₀ IU/mL) and the second lowest levels in BSBC (3.81 log₁₀ IU/mL). In addition, HBsAg levels in LKD and BSBC were significantly lower than those in SKD, LQD, and LGDH (P < 0.05 or 0.001). TCMS was altered during the natural history of CHB and correlated with HBsAg titers. This study could provide further insight into the therapy of CHB.
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PMID:Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Patterns and Their Association with Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Levels during the Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. 3036 56

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