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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The propagation of spreading cortical depression was studied in rabbits during the reversible opening of the blood-brain barrier induced by hypertonic aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and sodium diatrizoate. The rupture of the blood-brain barrier was monitored by the leakage of Evans blue-albumin from pial vessels. Spreading depression was monitored by recording its characteristic slow voltage variations. Test substances were injected into the carotid artery or topically applied to the pia-arachnoid surface. Intracarotid injection of hypertonic solutions that open the blood-brain barrier do not block the propagation of spreading depression. Topical application of NaCl solutions can block the spread of the cortical depression reaction without opening the blood-brain barrier. Recurrent spreading depression waves at a mean frequency of one every 5 min, for 4 h do not cause the release of Evans blue-albumin complex from pial vessels.
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PMID:Spreading depression and the blood-brain barrier. 652 11

Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was studied using the carbon 14-deoxyglucose method in rats with local freezing lesion in the left parietal cortex. A depression of LCGU developed with time after the lesion, being most prominent throughout the cortical areas of the lesioned hemisphere 3 days after lesion. Corresponding results in other regions were contralateral cortical areas, ipsilateral and contralateral subcortical structures. Brain stem structures were not affected. In white matter bilateral depression of LCGU reached its peak 24 hours after the lesion. LCGU returned to normal within 5 days in all affected areas. The areas affected and the time-course of the observed changes did not correlate with the location and known time-course of development of cerebral edema. Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) was measured 1 and 3 days after a freezing lesion using the carbon 14-iodoantipyrine method. Twenty-four hours after a freezing lesion normal LCBF were seen throughout the traumatized brain. Three days after the lesion an increased LCBF involved all cortical areas, with the hyperemia being more pronounced in the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion. No corresponding changes in LCBF were observed. Evans blue dye was injected intravenously before the start of the barrier (BBB) at each time period following the lesion could be determined. Blue staining was seen in the area of the lesion in all animals killed 4 or 24 hrs after the lesion was made, indicating a BBB permeable to the Evans blue-serum protein complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Glucose metabolism in trauma-induced brain edema, with special reference to local blood circulation and blood-brain barrier]. 663 9

The effect of 1 and 5 micrograms AVP injections on open field and photoactivity chamber behavior of D.I. and normal Long-Evans animals was studied. Administration of 5 micrograms AVP (SC) resulted in a statistically significant depression of both open field and photochamber activity in the D.I. rat, but had a less pronounced effect on normal animals. However, 1 microgram AVP resulted in only minor alterations of activity in both D.I. and normal animals. In terms of learned behavior, D.I. and normal animals displayed similar within-session habituation when comparisons were made following the same treatment conditions. Thus, this study supports the hypothesis that vasopressin may influence memory tasks by modulation of related states of emotionality, motivation, and/or attention rather than by direct involvement in the retrieval and/or consolidation of information.
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PMID:Effect of vasopressin on open field and activity behavior of the vasopressin-deficient (Brattleboro) rat. 665 16

Evans blue dye, which acts as an adjuvant in mice to promote induction of cell-mediated immunity, was found earlier to apparently act contrarily and decrease tuberculoimmunity. This phenomenon was investigated here in a long-term experiment examining the persistence of the suppressed immunity. Systemic suppression after injection of only 1 mg of dye was confirmed and was found to last for more than 2 weeks but less than 11 weeks. Localized evidence for dye-caused depression of tuberculoimmunity also was seen by the development in dye-injected mice immunized with emulsified whole bacilli of caseating tubercles at sites of pulmonary infection, a very rare type of pathology for tuberculosis in mice. The experiment, in addition, detected an aging-related decline in mice of resistance to tuberculosis evident by shortened survival, enlarged pulmonary tubercles, and increased susceptibility to systemic tuberculin reaction.
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PMID:Suppression of tuberculoimmunity in mice by Evans blue dye. 681 51

The dose-response relationships for morphine analgesia were studied in morphine-tolerant and non-tolerant rats using two pain tests: the tail-flick test which measures the threshold for an escape response, and the formalin test which assesses the behavioral response to continuous pain generated in injured tissue. The effects of prior experience with both pain tests on tolerance were also examined. In the formalin test, effective analgesia was obtained in non-tolerant rats at doses that produce minimal depression of locomotor behavior. Morphine tolerance was produced by 20 daily injections of morphine with increments that reached 16 mg/kg, a dose over the LD100 for barrier sustained Long Evans rats. This dose regimen produced a 1.8-fold increase in the ED50 in the tail-flick test and a 2.7-fold increase in the formalin test. Daily experience of the pain test, as well as the morphine regimen produced a 4.8-fold increase in the ED50 in the tail-flick test but did not affect the potency of morphine in the formalin test. The magnitude of tolerance in the absence of daily behavioral testing is consistent with recent clinical reports that little tolerance occurs after prolonged administration of morphine in cancer patients and that tolerance is not an important consideration in the management of pain.
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PMID:Morphine analgesia and tolerance in the tail-flick and formalin tests: dose-response relationships. 716 52

The saturating hybridization levels of DNA with rRNA (hereafter abbreviated as rDNA/DNA) in adult liver, bone marrow, and fetuses in Long-Evans rats were 0.042, 0.036, and 0.029 approximately 0.033%, respectively, showed a lower level in rapidly growing tissues. We consider that the lower rDNA/DNA in rapidly growing tissues might be due to the replication of rDNA in the late S phase, or in other words, to the depression of rDNA/DNA in each S phase. Based on these findings, the relative levels of rDNA per G1 geome were estimated in cells of these normal tissues and 4 diploid tumors by multiplying rDNA/DNA and DNA/genome. By this procedure, rDNA/genome was shown to be constant in normal G1 cells, while a 31 approximately 48% increase was found in the tumor cell genome. Direct measurement of rDNA in synchronized #2 trisomy leukemia cells confirmed the replication of rDNA in the late S phase, with a 21.4% increase of rDNA per G1 genome.
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PMID:Quantitative estimation of nucleolar cistrons (rDNA) in proliferating normal and tumor cells. 741 82

The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) was devised by Shallice & Evans (1978) in an attempt to quantify the tendency observed in some patients with frontal lobe lesions to produce bizarre estimates in response to questions to which people do not usually know exact answers (e.g. 'what is the height of a double-decker bus?'), despite performing normally on standard intelligence tests. In the present study, the CET performance of a large number of patients suffering from head injury, brain tumour, ruptured aneurysm (anterior communicating artery and other), multiple sclerosis, dementia, encephalitis, Korsakoff's syndrome and anxiety/depression were compared with CET scores from 150 healthy controls. Patients with Korsakoff syndrome demonstrated significantly impaired CET performance. A subgroup of patients with discrete frontal lesions was compared with a group with localized non-frontal lesions. No significant difference in CET performance was observed between anterior and posterior lesioned patients. The sensitivity of the CET to anterior brain dysfunction is called into question by the present findings.
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PMID:Cognitive estimation in neurological disorders. 764 13

In utero exposure of Long Evans rats to low dosages of diazepam has previously been found to result in depression of cellular and humoral immune responses until adulthood, with marked changes in cytokine release by splenocytes and splenic macrophages. In order to assess the significance of these alterations in immune cells with regard to host resistance, we investigated the resistance of adult offspring towards Trichinella spiralis. Time-pregnant rats were treated with diazepam (1.25 mg/kg/day) or vehicle from gestational day 14 to 20. Male offspring were infected with T. spiralis at 2 months of age. This infection model tests the participation of T- and B-cell populations and of macrophages. Prenatally diazepam-exposed animals exhibited an impaired defence towards T. spiralis. The number of muscle larvae was increased as determined in digested carcasses and by morphometric analysis of the tongue. Moreover, antibody titers were altered, i.e., IgG was decreased and IgA was elevated in the prenatally diazepam-exposed group. These results demonstrate an impaired defense towards T. spiralis in adult rats after prenatal exposure to diazepam.
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PMID:Impaired host resistance to Trichinella spiralis as a consequence of prenatal treatment of rats with diazepam. 780 25

The observed response to 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) therapy in advanced neuroblastoma after conventional therapy, the non-invasiveness of the procedure, and the high metabolic activity which is frequently observed in untreated tumours led to the concept of substituting 131I-MIBG therapy for combination chemotherapy at diagnosis prior to surgery in patients with advanced disease/high-risk neuroblastoma. The objective of introducing 131I-MIBG therapy as the first therapy in the treatment schedule is to reduce the tumour volume, enabling adequate (> 95%) surgical resection of the tumour and to avoid toxicity and the induction of early drug resistance. The advantages of this approach are that the child's general condition is unaffected or improved before it undergoes surgical resection and that chemotherapy is reserved to treat minimal residual disease postoperatively. Thirty-one children who presented with inoperable neuroblastoma (10 Evans stage III, 21 stage IV) were treated according to this protocol. The objective response to the 131I-MIBG therapy at diagnosis with respect to the volume of the primary tumour, the metastases and catecholamine excretion in urine varied from 72 to 81%, which is better than after conventional treatment. Nineteen of 27 evaluable patients (70%) had complete or > 95% resection of the primary tumour or did not require surgery at all. Only 11 of 31 patients developed isolated thrombocytopenia and, despite the fact that the bone marrow was invaded in 16 patients, moderate bone marrow depression occurred in only two cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:131I-MIBG as a first-line treatment in high-risk neuroblastoma patients. 781 84

Several reports have suggested that exposure to organophosphate pesticides damages the visual system. The prolonged effects of an acute dose of fenthion (dimethyl 3-methyl-4-methylthiophenyl phosphorothionate) were studied on the cholinergic system of the rat retina. Fenthion was administered in a single dose of 0 or 100 mg/kg (sc, in corn oil) to adult, male, Long-Evans rats. The animals were killed 4, 14, or 56 days after treatment and cholinesterase (ChE) activity as well as muscarinic receptor (mChR) function measured in the retina and frontal cortex. Fenthion produced 89% inhibition of ChE activity in both tissues at 4 days, and, although there was recovery, slight (15%) inhibition of the enzyme activity was still observed at 56 days in both tissues. A long-lasting decrease in carbachol-stimulated inositolphosphate (IP) release was observed following fenthion treatment in the retina: IP release was depressed at 4 days and this depression persisted up to 56 days after dosing. The density of mChR in the retina as well as in the cortex was decreased by 14-20% at 4 days and returned to control levels by 56 days. Fenthion had no effect on the metabolism of phospholipids in the retina following intraocular injections of labeled precursors [3H]myo-inositol, [methyl-14C]choline, or [2-3H]glycerol 4 days after fenthion treatment. These prolonged effects of fenthion on mChR function (signal transduction) appear to be specific to the retina as the cortex showed no change in receptor-stimulated IP release even in the presence of significant mChR down-regulation and ChE inhibition. This dose of fenthion did not produce overt morphological changes in the retina or in the cortex, as observed with light microscopy, although an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (GFAP IR) extending from the internal limiting membrane to the external limiting membrane of the retina was noted. This increase in GFAP IR was observed at 14 days and persisted as long as 56 days post-treatment in the retina, but was not noted in the cortex at any of the time points studied. Thus, this long-lasting perturbation in the retinal cholinergic second messenger system induced by fenthion may occur independently of depressed ChE activity and down-regulation of mChR.
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PMID:Fenthion produces a persistent decrease in muscarinic receptor function in the adult rat retina. 817 35


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