Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The properties of Althesin (anticonvulsant activity, depression of oxygen consumption, lowering of ICP, rapid excretion) led us to use this steroid combination to treat 11 patients in status epilepticus resistant to the standard drugs (benzodiazepines and barbiturates). The administration of Althesin by slow intravenous injection was ineffective in 2 of the 3 patients thus treated. The doses used (2--10 ml) were probably too small. One only administration of a 10% solution of Althesin in 10% fructose by intravenous drip (the rate was calculated so as to obtain the burst suppression stage at the EEG) stopped status epilepticus in 7 of the 9 patients thus treated. In this group the doses used varied from 25 to 50 ml. The 2 patients in whom it was necessary to repeat Althesin administration and combine it with other drugs had both been operated on for severe brain injuries involving marked cerebral edema. In spite of the very small number of cases, the definitive arrest of status epilepticus obtained in 8 out of 11 patients first treated with other drugs is encouraging: Althesin probably may be regarded as an adjunct in the treatment of status epilepticus.
 ...
PMID:The use of althesin in drug-resistent status epilepticus. 47 37

In anesthetised cats, breathing pattern, blood gases, and ventilatory response to CO2 were recorded before and during intermittent 10-minute episodes of hydrostatically raised intracranial pressure. The first effect on breathing was a stimulation which was followed at higher pressures by irregularity, depression, and periods of apnea; hyperventilation at high intracranial pressure (ICP was rare. Raised ICP did not consistently depress the ventilatory response to CO2 until ventilation during airbreathing was already depressed; therefore, we cannot experimentally justify applying this test clinically to detect incipient ventilatory depression. When hypoxemia developed during raised ICP, it was compatible with the degree of hypoventilation due to central depression of breathing; thus, there was no evidence of a neurally mediated effect on the lungs, causing defective gas exchange.
 ...
PMID:Effect of intermittently raised intracranial pressure on breathing pattern, ventilatory response to CO2, and blood gases in anesthetized cats. 124 58

It is well known that vasodilating antihypertensive drugs induce intracranial hypertension. A considerable number of papers have reported nitroglycerin-induced ICP elevation during anesthetized operations. However, except for Gagnon's report, most papers dealt with normal patients. Our study, using an extradural pressure transducer clinically, deals with the nitroglycerin drip infusion and its effect on high ICP state. Mean ICP value before infusion was 42 mmHg+ 14.8 (N = 10). Three cases out of ten showed ICP elevation corresponding with blood pressure depression. Six cases out of ten revealed ICP depression corresponding with blood pressure depression. One case did not show any difference in ICP. There was a statistically significant difference between the ICP elevated group and the depressed group. These results suggest that very high ICP state, like vasomotor paralysis, does not have a potential to open the vascular bed in the cranium and blood pressure depression induced by nitroglycerin infusion causes ICP depression. We would like to conclude that nitroglycerin can be used for postoperative blood pressure control even in the neurosurgical field.
 ...
PMID:[Post-operative blood pressure management by nitroglycerin in the field of neurosurgery]. 251 60

The effects of spontaneous respiration and mechanical ventilation on ICP were examined by investigating the interaction between elevated pressure and alcohol intoxication. 200 ml ethanol 48% were infused in 11 young pigs with elevated cerebral pressure during mechanical ventilation (Group 1), 7 young pigs with elevated intracranial pressure during spontaneous respiration (Group 2), and 4 young pigs without elevated intracranial pressure during spontaneous respiration (Group 3). While the behaviour of intracranial pressure during mechanical ventilation in the animals from Group 1 was inhomogeneous with a tendency to rise (29 mmHg to 34 mmHg), intracranial pressure (28 mmHg to 55 mmHg) increased dramatically in Group 2. This increase was associated with a sharp rise of paCO2 (37.6 mmHg to 73.3 mmHg) and a decline of paO2 (74 mmHg to 13 mmHg). None of the animals in Group 2 survived. paCO2 also rose in alcoholized animals without elevated ICP (Group 3) (41.9 mmHg to 63.9 mmHg); intracranial pressure, however, remained within the normal range. All animals in Group 3 survived. Our findings indicate that elevated intracranial pressure and alcohol intoxication have a cumulative or potentiating effect on depression of the respiratory centre. Respiratory depression can be prevented by mechanical ventilation and, therefore, a further rise of intracranial pressure can be generally avoided.
 ...
PMID:[Effect of various types of artificial respiration on raised intracranial pressure, associated with acute alcoholic intoxication]. 310 36

Hemodynamic changes and left ventricular performance were investigated by simplified mechanocardiography using finger plethysmography instead of carotid artery pulse tracing in patients who received 4 volatile anesthetics with or without nitrous oxide. Systolic blood pressure (Ps), diastolic blood pressure (Pd), heart rate (HR), pre-ejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), isovolemic contraction time (ICP), PEP/LVET, Pd/ICT, and 1/PEP2 were selected as indices which represent hemodynamics and systolic time intervals. Enflurane 0.6 and 1.2MAC prolonged PEP, and shortened 1/PEP2 and Pd/ICT significantly. Addition of nitrous oxide caused more depression. Halothane 0.6MAC prolonged PEP, and shortened 1/PEP2 and Pd/ICT. Sevoflurane 1.2MAC shortened only 1/PEP2. Addition of nitrous oxide prolonged PEP and PEP/LVET, and shortened Pd/ICT. Isoflurane 1.2MAC lowered Ps and increased HR. The results indicate that cardiac performance was depressed by volatile anesthetics in the order of enflurane, halothane, sevoflurane and isoflurane.
 ...
PMID:[Volatile anesthetics suppress cardiac function in man; an investigation based on systolic time intervals]. 843 99

The number of parameters (i.e., EEG or ICP-intracranial pressure) routinely monitored under clinical situations is limited. The brain function analyzer described in this paper enables simultaneous, continuous on-line monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and volume (CBV), intramitochondrial NADH redox state, extracellular K+ concentrations, DC potential, electrocorticography and ICP from the cerebral cortex. Brain function of 14 patients with severe head injury (GCS < or = 8), who were hospitalized in the neurosurgical or general intensive care unit was monitored using this analyzer. Leao cortical spreading depression (SD) has been reported in many experimental animals but not in the human cerebral cortex. In one of the patients monitored, spreading depression was observed. This is the first time that spontaneous repetitive cortical SD cycles have been recorded from the cerebral cortex of a patient suffering from severe head injury. Typical SD cycles appeared 4-5 h after the beginning of monitoring this patient. During the first 3-4 cycles the responses of this patient were very similar to the responses to SD recorded in normoxic experimental animals. Electrocorticography was depressed whereas extracellular K+ levels increased. The metabolic response to spreading depression was characterized by oxidation of intramitochondrial NADH concomitant to a large increase in CBF. During brain death, an ischemic depolarization, characterized by decrease in CBF and an irreversible increase in extracellular K+, was recorded.
 ...
PMID:Cortical spreading depression recorded from the human brain using a multiparametric monitoring system. 897 24

In order to evaluate the relationship between brain oxygen supply and demand (O2 balance) in real time, it is necessary to use a multiparametric monitoring approach. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a representative parameter of O2 supply. The extracellular level of K+ is a reliable indicator of O2 demand since more than 60% of the energy consumed by the brain is utilized by active transport processes. Mitochondrial NADH redox state can represent the balance between O2 supply and demand. In order to monitor the brain of experimental animals or patients, we constructed the multiparametric assembly (MPA) and the following parameters were monitored simultaneously and in real time: CBF, CBV, NADH redox state, extracellular K+, DC potential, EEG, tissue temperature and ICP. Animals were exposed to hypoxia, ischemia, hypercapnia, hyperoxia and spreading depression (SD) and the relative changes in CBF and NADH were calculated and found to be significant indicators of brain energy state. Monitoring these two parameters increases the possibility of differentiating between various pathophysiological states. Each added parameter increases the power of diagnosis and determination of the functional state of the brain. Preliminary results obtained in patients monitored in the ICU or in the OR show that the responses to hypercapnia, spreading depression or ischemia are similar to those measured in experimental animals.
 ...
PMID:Multiparametric monitoring of brain oxygen balance under experimental and clinical conditions. 958 30

Carrots were grown in seven experimental plots (A-G) containing mixtures of arsenic-contaminated and uncontaminated soil at concentrations ranging from 6.5 to 917 microgram g(-1) (dry mass). The carrots harvested from plots A-D (6.5-338 microgram g(-1) arsenic in the soil mixtures) showed a gradually increasing depression of growth with increasing level of contamination. At the experimental plots E-G with soil arsenic concentrations above 400 microgram g(-1) no carrots developed. Whether this effect was caused by arsenic or the concomitant copper content which ranged from 11 to 810 microgram g(-1) in the soil mixtures is unknown. The arsenic species extracted from the soils and carrots were separated and detected using anion-exchange HPLC coupled with ICP-MS. In the less contaminated soils from plots A and B arsenite (AsIII) was more abundant than arsenate (Asv) in the soil using 1 mmole 1-1 calcium nitrate as extractant. In the soils from plots C and D however, Asv dominated over AsIII whereas in the corresponding carrots Asv and AsIII were found at similar concentrations. Methylated arsenic species were sought after but not detected in any of the samples. The soil-to-carrot uptake rate (bioavailability) of arsenic was 0.47 +/- 0.06% (average +/- one standard deviation) of the arsenic content in the soils from plots A-D. In contrast to arsenic, the increasing copper content in the soils from plot A through D was not available to the carrots as the concentration of this element did not increase with increasing soil copper content. The ingestion of the potentially toxic inorganic arsenic via consumption of carrots grown in soil contaminated at 30 microgram g(-1) in arsenic (plot B) was conservatively estimated at 37 microgram week (-1). This was equivalent to only 4% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for inorganic arsenic as suggested by the WHO and was therefore toxicologically safe. Consumption of carrots grown in more intensely arsenic-contaminated soils, however, would lead to a higher intake of inorganic arsenic and is therefore not recommended.
 ...
PMID:Bioavailability and speciation of arsenic in carrots grown in contaminated soil. 970 75

In this paper, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV), synergistically coupled with an ultrasonically enhanced preconcentration step has been shown to yield a quantitative determination of lead and cadmium in human saliva at a membrane free in situ plated mercury thin film glassy carbon electrode. The sensitivity was facilitated by acoustic streaming which promoted efficient mass transport to the electrode thus reducing sampling times. Cavitation was responsible for cleaning and activating the electrode surface, this was essential in order to obtain a reproducible and representative signal. In silent conditions electrode fouling leading to fluctuations in the baseline current and signal depression, precluded accurate quantitative analyses. The results presented herein provide an extension to the proof of concept given in the authors' earlier work, with the analysis of lead in human saliva as opposed to artificial saliva reported. We also address the hitherto unreported detection and determination of cadmium in this medium. Results for both were independently verified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Close agreement between lead concentration determined by sono-SWASV and independent and blind ICP-MS is reported for human saliva samples having a total lead content of 0.92 microg L(-1) and 5 microg L(-1) with a detection limit of 0.5 microg L(-1). Microaddition calibration data for cadmium additions of 0.0125 microg L(-1) to samples spiked with 2.5 microg L(-1) and 5.0 microg L(-1) (reflecting levels in workers occupationally exposed) exhibited close agreement with the known total cadmium in the samples. A detection limit of 1 microg L(-1) cadmium in saliva has been established.
 ...
PMID:The membrane free sonoelectroanalytical determination of trace levels of lead and cadmium in human saliva. 1247 41

Weekly affective symptom severity and polarity were compared in 135 bipolar I (BP I) and 71 bipolar II (BP II) patients during up to 20 yr of prospective symptomatic follow-up. The course of BP I and BP II was chronic; patients were symptomatic approximately half of all follow-up weeks (BP I 46.6% and BP II 55.8% of weeks). Most bipolar disorder research has concentrated on episodes of MDD and mania and yet minor and subsyndromal symptoms are three times more common during the long-term course. Weeks with depressive symptoms predominated over manichypomanic symptoms in both disorders (31) in BP I and BP II at 371 in a largely depressive course (depressive symptoms=59.1% of weeks vs. hypomanic=1.9% of weeks). BP I patients had more weeks of cyclingmixed polarity, hypomanic and subsyndromal hypomanic symptoms. Weekly symptom severity and polarity fluctuated frequently within the same bipolar patient, in which the longitudinal symptomatic expression of BP I and BP II is dimensional in nature involving all levels of affective symptom severity of mania and depression. Although BP I is more severe, BP II with its intensely chronic depressive features is not simply the lesser of the bipolar disorders; it is also a serious illness, more so than previously thought (for instance, as described in DSM-IV and ICP-10). It is likely that this conventional view is the reason why BP II patients were prescribed pharmacological treatments significantly less often when acutely symptomatic and during intervals between episodes. Taken together with previous research by us on the long-term structure of unipolar depression, we submit that the thrust of our work during the past decade supports classic notions of a broader affective disorder spectrum, bringing bipolarity and recurrent unipolarity closer together. However the genetic variation underlying such a putative spectrum remains to be clarified.
 ...
PMID:Long-term symptomatic status of bipolar I vs. bipolar II disorders. 1289 Mar 6


1 2 3 Next >>