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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mothers of young children are at risk for depressive symptoms due to their gender and status as parents. The primary purposes of this study were (1) to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms in a sample of mothers with young children, (2) to identify sociodemographic correlates of depressive symptoms among the women, and (3) to determine if chronic stress is associated with depressive symptoms independent of other risk factors. In-home interviews were conducted with 196 mothers of 5- and 6-year-old children using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies--Depression (CES-D) Scale and the Everyday Stressors Index (ESI). High depressive symptoms (CES-D greater than or equal to 16) were reported by 49% of the mothers. They were highest among those who had never married, had less than a high school education, were under 25 years of age, were black, and had a low income. The ESI was a strong predictor of high depressive symptoms, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. In comparison to mothers reporting a low level of everyday stressors (score = 5), those scoring 15 were 3 times more likely to have high depressive symptoms; those scoring 35 were more than 30 times as likely to have high CES-D scores. The results suggest the importance of chronic daily stressors as correlates of depressive symptoms in mothers of young children and also point to the need for multivariate models when examining predictors of those symptoms.
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PMID:Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in mothers of young children. 202 60

The objective of this work is to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in three groups of adolescents and young adults (aged 16-25) from the city of San Sebastian. For that purpose 188, 189 and 160 young unemployed, students and workers, respectively, were selected by the method of quota. As screening instrument, an Spanish version of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression) scale was used. Using the standard criterion of total score of the scale equal to or higher than 16, irrespective of the length of symptoms, a prevalence of 44.68% in unemployed and of 41.79% in students, opposite to 29.37% in workers (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively) was obtained. Taking into account the criterion of total score equal to or higher than 16, starting from symptoms that last three days at least, the rates were 18.08% in unemployed and 14.81% in students, opposite to 9.37% in workers (p less than 0.05 and "not significant", respectively). Stratifying by sex, it was observed that the differences among groups were at the expense of the female sex. These results suggest that a situation of unemployment seems to act as a depression-inducing factor, more important among female adolescents and young than among male adolescents and young.
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PMID:[Prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents and young adults]. 211 88

Maternal depression is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes for children, including poor mother-infant interactions at 3 months post-partum. The aim of this study is to determine whether maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy are associated with neonatal neurobehavioral functioning, as measured by the Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Scale. The study population consists of 1,123 mothers and their term infants who were participants in a larger study of maternal health and infant outcomes. Women were administered the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) questionnaire for depressive symptoms during their pregnancy. Their infants were subsequently assessed by a pediatrician blind to their CES-D scores. The CES-D score was associated with unconsolability and excessive crying (p less than 0.01). The higher the mother's CES-D score, the more likely it was that the infant would be unconsolable or cry excessively. Mothers with CES-D scores at the 90th percentile were 2.6 times more likely to have unconsolable newborns, compared with women with CES-D scores at the 10th percentile (95% C.I. = 1.54, 4.23). When potentially confounding variables, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use, poor weight gain, income, birth weight, and other drug use, were controlled, the relationship between CES-D score and newborn unconsolability and excessive crying remain unchanged. The results of this study suggest that the relationship between early childhood problems and maternal depressive symptoms may be part of a sequence that starts with depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
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PMID:Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and newborn irritability. 221 32

Greece has been characterized by high earthquake activity in comparison not only with Mediterranean countries, but also with many parts of Eurasia. In the present study an assessment of the psychiatric morbidity was carried out in the city of Kalamata, Greece, two weeks after the earthquake in September, 1986. A random sample of residents divided into three categories was assessed. The participating groups consisted of 205 adults, 172 high school students and 69 adult outpatients who suffered from minor pathological problems or proceeded for a check-up without being necessarily ill. The Langner and CES-D scales were administered for the population assessment. Detailed statistical analysis revealed that the earthquake had significant psychological effects and caused a considerable degree of depression in all groups. According to the Langner Scale, 31.3% of the general population, 11.6% of the students and 40.6% of the patients exhibited 10 or more symptoms on the Langner scale indicating severe disturbance. Also 50.9% of the whole sample exhibited 6 or more symptoms indicating serious disturbance. In the CES-D scale, 79% of the general population, 69.2% of students and 75% of the outpatients exhibited 16 or more symptoms, or 74.6% of the whole sample. The observed difference between general population and students is significant on Langner scale (p less than 0.001) and on CES-D scale (p less than 0.025). The major symptoms in all groups were prevalence of severe psychiatric symptomatology, anxiety, psychosomatic disorders and depression.
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PMID:Evaluation of psychiatric morbidity following an earthquake. 222 85

This descriptive study was designed to examine the interrelationships of depression, stress, mastery, and social resources in four ethnocultural women's groups. The random sample (N = 212) was comprised of Chinese (n = 60), Vietnamese (n = 46), Portuguese (n = 56), and Latin American (n = 50) immigrant women. Using the CES-D, high depressive symptoms were reported by all groups. Collectively, the major correlates and predictors of depression were perceived stress and mastery. Group-specific analyses revealed different models for predicting depression in each ethnic group. The findings underscore the need for observation of the indicators of depression in immigrant women--regardless of their phase of resettlement--and a flexible, individualized approach to ethnic women's psychological health care.
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PMID:Depression, stress, mastery, and social resources in four ethnocultural women's groups. 223 51

This paper presents the findings on depressive symptomatology and major depressive disorder in Cuban American respondents to the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). The HHANES represents the first population-based assessment of the mental health status of Cuban Americans. High levels of depression, as measured by a CES-D score of 16 or more, were found in ten percent of the sample. Female gender was independently associated with CES-D caseness. The lifetime, six-month, and one-month prevalence rates of major depressive disorder, as measured by the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), were 3.15%, 2.12%, and 1.50%, respectively. An income level of less than ten thousand dollars was independently associated with a lifetime diagnosis of major depression.
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PMID:Depression among Cuban Americans. The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 223 7

We administered the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale to 547 San Francisco Latinos as part of a random digit dialing telephone survey to evaluate smoking behavior. Both men and women current smokers had the highest mean CES-D levels (9.7 and 14.3, respectively). Logistic regression analysis adjusting for gender, acculturation, education, age, and employment showed that current smokers had an odds ratio of 1.7 (95% CI = 1.3, 2.2) for significant depressive symptoms compared to former smokers (OR = 1.1;95% CI = .8, 1.6) and never smokers (OR = 1).
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PMID:Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among Latinos in San Francisco. 224 Mar 40

To determine the etiology of self-reported depressive symptoms and their co-occurrence in the general population, multivariate genetic models were fitted to the responses of 771 female twin pairs (463 MZ, 308 DZ) to a 20-item epidemiological depression inventory (CES-D scale). A model which contained one common genetic factor, one shared environmental factor, and four unique environmental factors provided a useful account of symptom covariation. Under this model, the four non-shared environmental factors explained the largest proportion of variance in response to the CES-D scale, whereas a single common genetic factor explained substantially less of the variation in symptomatology. Consistent with previous findings (Kendler, Heath, Martin, & Eaves, Archives of General Psychiatry 43, 213-221, 1986) shared environmental influences were found to play a relatively minor role in the report of depressive symptoms. These results suggest that while genetic factors do contribute to the covariation among symptoms of depression, it is the largely non-shared environmental factors that account for the co-occurrence of symptoms in the general population.
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PMID:Genetic and environmental effects on self-reported depressive symptoms in a general population twin sample. 226 9

We examined the relationship between acculturation and psychological distress in young (20-30), middle aged (31-50), and older adult (51-74) Mexican Americans (n = 3084). The data were from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). Acculturation was measured with items on spoken and written language and ethnic identification. Psychological distress was measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We found that as acculturation increased, distress significantly increased in young adults but tended to decrease in older adults. This general pattern held for males and females and was consistent for the CES-D total score and caseness rates. The effects of acculturation were independent of the effects of income and education. We discuss that alienation and discrimination may be two intervening events producing the psychological distress of the highly acculturated young adults. Further, our findings tentatively suggest a longitudinal process whereby acculturated younger Mexican Americans attempting to advance themselves economically and socially in the dominant society strip themselves of traditional resources and ethnically-based social support. Through the years, however, they may re-establish ties to their native culture which contributes to relatively positive mental health.
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PMID:Adverse effects of acculturation: psychological distress among Mexican American young adults. 228 60

Chronic pain and depression frequently occur together. A selection bias afflicts all hospital clinic and family practice populations in which this relationship has been examined. We report here some of the results from civilian populations outside institutions, examined in the United States in national surveys. The findings are based upon the recollection of individuals with respect to the period of 12 months prior to interview and upon the occurrence of depression in the previous week as indicated by the answers to the Depression Scale of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D). They indicate that 14.4% of the United States population between the ages of 25-74 suffer from definite chronic pain related to the joints and musculoskeletal system. Another 7.4% have some pain of uncertain duration. Eighty-three percent of the definite pain group received treatment. Chronic pain subjects scored significantly higher than normals on the CES-D (10.68 +/- S.E.M. 0.76 vs. 8.05 +/- 0.23, P less than 0.01) with subjects with pain of uncertain duration scoring similar to the definite chronic pain population (11.13 +/- 0.76). Using a high cut-off score for depression. 18% of the population with chronic pain were found to have depression. This is in contrast to 8% of the population who did not have chronic pain.
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PMID:Chronic musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms in the general population. An analysis of the 1st National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. 229 41


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