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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infusion-therapy with antidepressants has been of value in severe as well as therapy resistant depressive states. In addition to doses lower than those used for oral treatment, a more rapid onset of therapeutic effect and a better tolerance, the beneficial effect seems also to depend on the setting in which the treatment takes place. Infusion-therapy is a combined pharmacopsychotherapeutic procedure. Next to infusion-treatment a pretreatment with neuroleptics is advised either via the oral or parenteral route. In extremely refractory depression the infusion-therapy can be applied twice a day; in some cases we resort to continuous infusion for a few days. Infusion-therapy is not applicable in patients prone to epileptic seizures or with serious cerebral dysfunction with a risk of delirium. In case of doubt an EEG is mandatory. Tricyclic antidepressants may not be used in cardiac diseases especially those with troubles of the conduction propagation or repolarization.
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PMID:[The treatment of severe, therapy-resistant depression using infusions of antidepressants]. 292 14

Recent authors have hypothesized that cerebral dysfunction, as reflected in an abnormal EEG, may play an important role in the behavioral symptoms of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Spectral analysis and amphetamine challenge testing are two promising methods for probing the clinical symptomatology of this disorder. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between clinical symptoms and computerized EEG spectral analysis in BPD patients both before and after amphetamine challenge. We found that mean frequency values on spectral analysis consistently correlated with anxiety levels in our patients, but did not correlate with a wide variety of other important symptoms, such as depression or transient psychosis. This result, coupled with our previous negative findings concerning EEG abnormalities in patients with BPD, casts doubt on the etiological relationship of cerebral dysrhythmias to the behavioral pathology of this disorder, but raises interesting questions concerning the relationship of anxiety and mean frequency.
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PMID:Changes in EEG mean frequency associated with anxiety and with amphetamine challenge in BPD. 304 24

Three hundred eighty-three alcoholics, who had at least once been ordered supervision or compulsory treatment at an institution for alcoholics by the Temperance Board, were compared with 383 other alcoholics matched for age and sex. All the alcoholics were first admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Lund, during the years 1949 to 1969 and followed up until January 1, 1981. They were systematically rated concerning symptoms and etiological factors at first admission. According to a stepwise logistic regression analysis, the following initial symptoms were positively associated with later compulsory treatment: slight cerebral dysfunction/personality change, antisociality/criminality, and impaired social and work performance. Social pressure/responsibility/conflict, slight depression, and continuous drinking were positively associated with the controls. There were 168 deaths in the compulsory treatment group and 124 in the control group (p less than 0.01). The excess deaths in the compulsory treatment group were mainly caused by accidents, poisoning, and violence (21 cases) and sudden cardiac death (10 cases), while there were no differences concerning alcohol-related neoplasms and liver cirrhosis. The compulsory treatment group had a worse long-term social adjustment. The findings indicate that compulsory treatment was related to behavioral patterns showing a stability over time, supporting the validity of subclassification of alcoholics using social data.
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PMID:Alcoholics committed to treatment: a prospective long-term study of behavioral characteristics, mortality, and social adjustment. 327 54

The improving results of modern obstetrics, anesthesiology and immediate pediatric care have to be assessed. Clinical methods are available, providing guidelines for a simple neuro-sensorial assessment of the full-term newborn. When abnormalities are detected at the first assessment, the newborn will be assessed daily or every other day, as the symptomatology often rapidly changes. Based on these repeated evaluations, a gradation of 3 levels of severity is established, by the end of the first week: mild (1) includes tone abnormalities and hyperexcitability but no seizures and no CNS depression; moderate (2) includes CNS depression +/- isolated seizures; severe (3) includes coma and repeated seizures. Though this gradation represents an empirical cut-off in a continuum of signs and symptoms indicating brain dysfunction at birth, correlations with late outcome are reasonably good. Individual prognosis is out of our reach, specially in grade 2 infants. However, as a group estimation of late outcome, this gradation is satisfactory. Neurobehavioral competence in the full-term newborn is such that one assessment performed within normal limits in the first 3 days allows a reasonable prediction of a normal outcome, no matter how dreadful the pregnancy and/or delivery has been. Therefore neurological assessment of the full-term newborn in the first week of life can be considered as a good marker for the quality of perinatal care, and good feed-back information for the obstetrical staff.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cerebral handicap in full-term newborns related to late pregnancy and/or labor. 340 57

The authors report organic brain dysfunction in two psychiatric patients with grade 2 hypothyroidism; one was depressed and one had a paranoid psychosis with depressive features. The depression and psychosis responded to psychotropic medication and L-thyroxine, but the cognitive dysfunction improved only partially.
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PMID:Organic brain syndrome associated with marginal hypothyroidism. 371 6

Numerous studies have demonstrated a significant depression in performance IQ (PIQ) in Turner Syndrome (TS) females, but the neuropsychological interpretation of this finding remains unclear. The present study addressed the following questions regarding the neuropsychological phenotype in TS: Are TS women neuropsychologically impaired? Is the impairment lateralized and How consistent is the neuropsychological phenotype across TS individuals? Unlike previous studies, the present study utilized both normal and brain damaged female controls. All subjects were given an extended Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery. The TS females were significantly worse than normals but not significantly different from brain damaged females in their overall level of neuropsychological functioning. However, their impairment was not lateralized. Their pattern of lateralizing findings was similar to that found in the Diffuse and Normal groups, but significantly different from either the right or left unilateral lesion groups. Fairly consistent deficits were found on tests of visuospatial skills and long term memory, but there was considerable variability in all the other test findings among TS individuals. The results are discussed in relation to the recent findings (Inglis and Lawson, 1981) that verbal-performance IQ discrepancies may be unreliable indicators of lateralized cerebral dysfunction in females. Hence the depressed PIQ in TS appears not to indicate predominantly right hemisphere dysfunction and may not even indicate a consistent underlying neuropsychological phenotype.
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PMID:The neuropsychological phenotype in Turner syndrome. 405 26

The pathophysiology of brain dysfunction was studied with an animal model of chronic alcoholism. Rats were fed a liquid diet with or without ethanol for 20 weeks and then the diet without ethanol for three more weeks. Hippocampal slices were prepared and intracellular recordings were obtained from dentate granule and CA1 cells. Significant depression of orthodromically elicited inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and postspike afterhyperpolarizations was observed in neurons from ethanol-exposed animals. No differences were observed in other active or passive membrane characteristics. These results suggest that a loss of neuronal inhibition could contribute to brain dysfunction in chronic alcoholism.
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PMID:Decreased neuronal inhibition in vitro after long-term administration of ethanol. 632 54

Long-term survivors of cardiac arrest may suffer from mild cerebral impairment manifested primarily by personality changes and behavioral symptoms that can be mistaken for emotional responses to illness. The authors report six cases that illustrate the clinical problem of differentiating depression from organic brain dysfunction in this population. The diagnosis is facilitated by observation over time and by information from the spouse on baseline and current function. Chronicity, dysinhibition, apathy, and disturbances of judgment and insight indicate cerebral dysfunction. The accurate diagnosis of cerebral impairment after cardiac arrest is essential to the rehabilitation process.
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PMID:Unrecognized organic mental disorders in survivors of cardiac arrest. 661 28

Cerebral blood flow is known as an indicator of cerebral metabolism. Using the 133Xenon inhalation method, we studied the regional cerebral blood flow (r-CBF) in patients with different subtypes of depression and in remission. A left frontal hypervascularization and a right posterior hypovascularization were found in major depressives, compared to normal subjects, minor depressives, and normothymic bipolar patients. These results tend to confirm the existence of cerebral dysfunction in both hemispheres in major depression, as reported by other authors using different techniques.
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PMID:Regional cerebral blood flow and lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in depression. 661 14

A prognostic score was derived from a prospective study of 148 consecutively admitted patients, aged less than 76 years, who survived the first 24 hours after an acute stroke. Multivariate analysis was used to compare the presenting clinical features of 137 (93%) of these patients with their outcome after two months. Little change in the level of residual disability was detected in 128 of these patients after a further four months. The features which were found to predict functional dependence or death included older age, complete limb paralysis, depression of conscious level and the combination of hemiplegia and hemianopia with higher cerebral dysfunction. Hemiparesis uncomplicated by hemianopia or higher cerebral dysfunction predicted a return to functional independence. A discriminant function derived from this analysis can be used to calculate the likelihood of recovery to independent function for an individual patient following an acute stroke.
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PMID:Predicting the outcome of acute stroke: a prognostic score. 673 78


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