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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The male-dominated medical establishment continues to make health promotion policies for women. Women must have access to a more accurate information base about women's health and the link between their health and socioeconomic roles. They must be full partners in formulating and implementing health promotion strategies. Yet, such a database does not exist due to systemic bias in research. For example, research shows alcoholism affects men and women differently, but prevention and treatment strategies and evaluation of their outcomes do not take this into account. Further, men do not understand subjective aspects of female conditions. In addition, even though women provide most care in our society, health promotion policies do not incorporate their knowledge. Moreover, care of the sick can damage the health of the care giver. Statistics on women's health are lacking, e.g., exhaustion and depression as consequences of child care and housework, especially among poor women. Developed countries continue to use maternal mortality as a means of measuring reproductive hazard, but maternal death is a rarity. In fact, a reproductive mortality rate would be more applicable, which would include deaths from abortions, pregnancy, and contraception. Besides, birth control has real disadvantages, e.g., a painful medical procedure is needed to insert IUDs and they increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Paid employment has positive and negative effects depending on whether women are alone or have a partner and have children, their income, and educational level. Women in industry face considerable health hazards, e.g., textile workers at increased risk of several lung diseases. Appropriate expenditure on health and social services and sound economic policies at the central level will benefit women's health. Besides, when society values and supports all aspects of women's work and roles, women's health will achieve its potential.
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PMID:Promoting women's health. 181 41

Strain 13 guinea pigs inoculated subcutaneously with Pichinde virus developed fever, lost body weight, decreased water and food consumption, and died at 14 +/- 0.6 days. After FPL-55712, a leukotriene D4 antagonist, was administered beginning on PID (post-inoculation day) 3 for 18 days, the magnitude of body weight loss decreased and food intake increased, despite a persistent fever. The treated guinea pigs also survived significantly longer than infected animals receiving placebo injection (21 vs 14 days). Using guinea pig ileum bioassay and radioimmunoassay, we detected significant levels of plasma leukotrienes in Pichinde virus-infected guinea pigs on PID 11 and possibly PID 14. These findings strongly suggest that leukotrienes play a role in the pathogenesis of arenavirus infection and may account in part for the observed cardiac depression, pulmonary edema, and eventual death.
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PMID:Evidence for the involvement of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of Pichinde virus infection in strain 13 guinea pigs. 302 93

A reproducible experimental disease model in horses using Streptococcus zooepidemicus was developed. An intravenous challenge dose of 1 X 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU), followed 24 h later with another challenge of 1 X 10(8) CFU of Strep. zooepidemicus produced the desired disease model. The disease was characterized by depression, pyrexia, anorexia, abnormal lung sounds, inflammation of joints, moderate to severe lameness, gradual loss of condition and emaciation. The effects of the disease on hematology, serum chemical profile and different protein fractions were studied. The disease state had no effect on serum glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus and enzymes SGOT or SGPT. However, the alkaline phosphatase showed a gradual decline. The serum iron levels dropped markedly and remained low to the last day of observations (post-infection day, PID 13). On serum protein electrophoresis, the albumin showed a gradual decrease; whereas, alpha II, beta and gamma globulin levels rose suggesting an immune response. The elevation of rectal temperatures and white blood cell counts related well with clinical observations. The serum iron levels proved very helpful in predicting the severity of clinical signs and often dropped before the onset of clinical signs and pyrexia.
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PMID:Standardization of an experimental disease model of Streptococcus zooepidemicus in the equine. 649 45

Recent cohort and case control studies of low-dose combined oral contraceptives (COCs) containing the new generation of progestogens have allowed classification of adverse effects into those which are rare but serious and should be considered risks and those which are more frequent but are less of a threat to health. Low-dose COCs continue to affect coagulation in a complex way, but the risk is less than with the older preparations, and it can be minimized by screening women for a personal or familial history of early or unusual thrombosis and for levels of protein C, S, and antithrombin III. Women with true migraine with focal signs should also avoid using COCs. The relative risk of myocardial infarction (MI) may increase from 4:1 in women with one risk factor (age, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes) to 20:1 with two risk factors and 128:1 with three or more risk factors. In the absence of all risk factors, a recent study indicated that the relative risk of MI with COC use was 1.9 for current and past use. COC use also causes a slight increase in hypertension in most women, especially those who are older or have a family history of hypertension. While the COC can affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the new generation of progestogens has reduced these effects. The COC may accelerate presentation of gallbladder disease in predisposed women. The COC protects against benign breast disease but may increase the risk of breast cancer and cervical cancer slightly. There is a strong link between hepatocellular adenoma and COC use, but the incidence is low. Return to fertility after use has not been a problem. Both estrogenic adverse effects (nausea, dizziness, irritability, weight gain, bloating) and progestogenic adverse effects (vaginal dryness, acne, hirsutism, weight gain, depression, loss of libido) can occur in 50% of women, but these generally disappear after a few months of use. In conclusion, the low-dose, third generation COCs are associated with minimal risks in the absence of other risk factors and have many beneficial effects such as the prevention of ovarian and endometrial cancer; a decrease in pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancies; and protection from anemia, primary dysmenorrhea, functional ovarian cysts, and benign breast disease as well as from the morbidity and mortality associated with pregnancy.
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PMID:The combined oral contraceptive. Risks and adverse effects in perspective. 776 40

Researchers have demonstrated that Black women exhibit a disproportionate risk of ill health. We examined the relationship between psychosocial factors, including economic status, race-based social inequality, gender-based violence, and the health status of 323 Black women between the ages of 18 and 65. Black women from a community sample completed a health survey with open-ended responses. Results indicated that women in lower economic groups are more likely to be treated for allergies (p = < .05) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID; p = < .01). Women who experienced increased incidents of race-based social inequality received more medical treatments for yeast infections, pregnancy-related problems, allergies, and PID. Those with histories of physical, psychological, and early sexual abuse are more likely to be treated for depression, allergies, yeast infections, and hypertension. In addition, qualitative data examined the process in which economic, race-based social inequality, and gender-based violence contributed to the ill health of Black women. The implications of these findings suggest that understanding the psychosocial context is essential for appropriate clinical practice. Additionally, future research should conceptualize health as a complex interaction of psychosocial risks that have a profound effect on the health status of Black women.
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PMID:The psychosocial context of Black women's health. 1063 25

Female genital mutilation is associated with immediate, long-term, pregnancy-related, and psychosexual complications. Immediate complications can cause death and include severe pain, shock, hemorrhage, tetanus or sepsis, urine retention, ulceration of the genital region, and injury to adjacent tissues. Long-term complications include formation of cysts, abscesses, and keloid scars, damage to the urethra resulting in incontinence, painful sexual intercourse, sexual dysfunction, recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. During child birth, survivors of female genital mutilation may require Cesarean section or suffer obstructed labor leading to fetal death and/or vesico-vaginal fistulae and large perineal tears. The psychological consequences of female genital mutilation may involve loss of trust and confidence in care-givers, feelings of incompleteness, anxiety, depression, chronic irritability, and sexual problems. In many women, flashbacks of the infibulation process are triggered by touch. Deinfibulation must be accompanied by adequate pain relief, but the use of local or epidural anesthesia is not appropriate.
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PMID:Consequences of genital mutilation. 1222 23

Ever since a gradual but significant reduction in the estrogenic and progestogenic components of oral contraceptives (OCs) was made, there has been a corresponding decrease in adverse effects associated with the pill. The beneficial effects include prevention of pregnancy, reduction in pelvic inflammatory disease, protection against ovarian/endometrial cancer and benign breast tumors and ovarian cysts, reduction in the occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis among OC users, and regulation of the menstrual cycle. The adverse effects include diseases of the circulatory system (myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hypertension), possible carcinogenicity (breast, cervix, melanoma), pituitary adenomas, liver disorders, glucose metabolix effects (diabetes), vitamin status alteration, delay in return of menstruation and fertility, and a number of minor side effects (nausea, vomiting). Contraindications to OC use include history of malignancy of the breast or genital tract, venous thromboembolism, cerebrovascular accident, undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, focal migraine, or familial hyperlipidemia. The following situations require medical assessment before OCs are prescribed, and medical supervision if OCs are prescribed: age 40+, smoking and age over 35, mild hypertension or a history of hypertensive disease of pregnancy (toxemia), epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, history of bouts of depression, history of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea in nulliparous women, and gallbladder disease. Problems could occur with OC use in the following situations: 1) lactation (ideally, OCs should be withheld until the child is weaned but if not possible, OCs should not be given until lactation is established); 2) drug interaction (other contraceptive form should be used when the patient is taking antibiotics or anticonvulsants); 3) tropical diseases (studies are still underway); 4) adolescence (very young girls should use other contraceptive method until regular menstruation is established); 5) postcoital contraception (limited use of steroids in emergency situation); and 6) hormonal pregnancy tests (use of oral steroids for pregnancy testing is not recommended). The 3 main types of OCs currently used are the combined estrogen and progestagen, the progestagen-only OC, and the triphasic OC. The lowest effective dose of a compound should be used, and healthy women may continue to use OCs for many years.
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PMID:Statement on steroidal oral contraceptives. 1226 73

This report analyzes the contraceptive potential of copper IUDs. The antifertility action of copper in IUDs is considered to involve 1) inhibition of zinc-containing metalloenzymes in the uterus, 2) reduced activity in the endometrial steroid receptor, 3) production of low levels of human chorionic gonadotropin in the luteal phase, 4) depression of ovum transport through the uterine tubes and inhibition of the penetration of cervical mucus by sperm, 5) elevation of the fibrinoloytic activity of the endometrium, and 6) depression of the synthesis of prostaglandins. These biochemical and physiological changes in response to copper released from the IUD are thought to cause only a local effect and systemic accumulation of copper from the device is considered unlikely. The rate of release of copper varies during the time the device remains in the uterus, declining exponentially during the 1st 2 years of use and then increasing as a result of destabilization and fragmentation of the accumulated layer of copper corrosion products. Accelerated copper loss is associated with menorrhagis, higher parity, and the presence of a cervical lesion at the time of IUD insertion. However, accelerated loss of the copper coil does not seem to cause either copper toxicity or decreased contraceptive efficiency. Women with insulin-dependent diabetes may manifest a different copper corrosion process and possibly a higher incidence of contraceptive failure. Since copper IUDs must be replaced more often than inert devices, there is a risk of increased incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease, reported to occur more frequently after replacement of an IUD. The longterm retention of copper IUDs probably has the same risk of infection as that associated with inert devices, and there is no evidence to link the presence of copper with any bacteriostatic or bactericidal action in vivo. The probability of fragmentation is reduced by new types of devices in which the copper wire is replaced by copper bands or a core of an inert metal is included inside the copper wire. It is concluded that copper IUDs, especially the newer devices with a more stable copper component, provide a successful fertility control method.
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PMID:Role of copper in IUDs. 1226 19

375 physicians from Russia completed a questionnaire at 3 symposia on modern contraceptive and human reproduction. Of these 375 physicians, 98% were obstetrician-gynecologists, 67% has no experience in family planning (FP). 44.5% had no training in FP, 83% were women, and their mean age was 37 years. Most frequently prescribed modern contraceptives were oral contraceptives (OCs) (50% often) and the IUD (59% often). More than 75% of respondent considered OCs, the IUD, and male and female sterilization to be very reliable. 41% and 92% respectively, did not know the efficacy of injectables/implants and the cervical mucus method. At least 50% considered the rhythm method, withdrawal, cervical mucus method, and vaginal douches to be not very reliable. 73% considered abortion to be an unsafe method. 30% did not know about the level of safety of injectables/implants. They perceived the IUD, OCs, injectables/implants, and female and male sterilization to be the most convenient methods. At least 60% considered withdrawal, abortion, abstinence, vaginal douches, and vaginal barriers to be inconvenient methods. Just 27% knew how OCs work. 13% considered OCs to never be safe. 65% thought the low-dose OCs are safe for nonsmokers under 35 years old. Most physicians considered the IUD and OCs to be the most suitable methods for all women. Woman's age contributed the most to physician opinions on contraception with female sterilization. Leading perceived side effects of OCs were gain (71%) and irregular bleeding (14%). The major perceived risks of OC use were thrombosis (35%), bleeding problems (21%), cardiovascular disease (16%), and depression (15%). 63% considered heavy menstrual blood loss to be the most disturbing side effect of IUD use. The leading perceived increased risks of IUD use were pelvic inflammatory disease (63%), ectopic pregnancy (54%), and anemia (27%). The misperceptions about modern contraception indicate a need for an exchange of information and skills between FP organizations in Western Europe and those in Russia.
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PMID:Contraception in Russia: attitude, knowledge and practice of doctors. 1228 5

A study was conducted at St. Mary's Hospital in Seoul, Korea, to determine levels of complaints before and after total hysterectomy. 113 women who underwent the operation from January 1968 to June 1972 were questioned as to medical, mental, and sexual complaints both pre- and postoperative. The total number of complaints decreased from 35.2% before to 30.2% after the operation. Each category of complaint decreased following the operation. Pelvic inflammatory disease and myom ata complaint rates decreased significantly. High rates of depression were common following the operation.
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PMID:[Pre- and postoperative complaints in women with total hysterectomy]. 1230 15


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