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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new method developed to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study evaluated the efficacy of EMDR compared to a no-treatment wait-list control in the treatment of PTSD in adult female sexual assault victims. Twenty-one subjects were entered, and 18 completed. Treatment was delivered in four weekly individual sessions. Assessments were conducted pre- and posttreatment and 3 months following treatment termination by an independent assessor kept blind to treatment condition. Measures included standard clinician- and self-administered PTSD and related psychopathology scales. Results indicated that subjects treated with EMDR improved significantly more on PTSD and depression from pre- to posttreatment than control subjects, leading to the conclusion that EMDR was effective in alleviating PTSD in this study.
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PMID:A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. 926 Mar 44

CDC and the World Health Organization have declared violence prevention a public health priority. One particular form of violent victimization, child sexual abuse, is a risk factor for suicide attempts, depression, sexually transmitted diseases, and subsequent sexual assault. The public health approaches to child sexual abuse are intervention (e.g., treatment) and prevention. To assist in developing public health measures for preventing child sexual abuse in Vermont, in September 1995, STOP IT NOW! and Market Street Research, Inc., surveyed a representative sample of households in Vermont to assess knowledge and attitudes about child sexual abuse as a public health problem. This report summarizes the survey findings, which indicate that levels of awareness of child sexual abuse are high among Vermont residents.
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PMID:Perceptions of child sexual abuse as a public health problem--Vermont, September 1995. 928 1

This article uses data from 7 population surveys to evaluate the association of sexual assault history with health perceptions. It estimates the extent of generalizability across gender, ethnic groups, and studies; the extent to which depression accounts for or mediates the association; and whether some circumstances of assault are more strongly related to poor subjective health. Data from each of 18 subsamples of the surveys were analyzed (pooled N = 10,001; 7,550 women and 2,451 men), and results were combined by using meta-analysis. Assault was associated with poor subjective health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 1.95) and this result was consistent regardless of gender, ethnicity, or sample. Controlling depression did not markedly change this result (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.21, 1.77), indicating that depression did not account for or mediate the assault-health perceptions association. Multiple assaults and assaults by strangers or spouse were most strongly associated with poor subjective health.
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PMID:Sexual assault history and health perceptions: seven general population studies. 930 38

This theoretical paper argues that a range of social factors are relevant to the genesis of depression in women. These include stressors which particularly pertain to gender, and include poverty, limited practical and social supports and resources, violence against women and childhood sexual assault. After explicating an interpersonal model for the etiology of depression, the paper outlines approaches that nurses can draw on to take sex-based factors into account when assessing and working with women experiencing depression. Nursing strategies which emphasise hope, use group approaches and deal with emotions and unconscious issues are deemed to be especially important.
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PMID:Women's depression: nursing theory and practice. 951 54

Among a national sample of 3,632 women VA outpatients, we determined self-reported prevalence of sexual assault experienced during military service and compared screening prevalence for current symptoms of depression and alcohol abuse between those who did and did not report this history. Data were obtained by mailed questionnaire. Military-related sexual assault was reported by 23%. Screening prevalence for symptoms of current depression was 3 times higher and for current alcohol abuse was 2 times higher among those who reported experiencing military-related sexual assault. Recent mental health treatment was reported by 50% of those who reported experiencing sexual assault during military service and screened positive for symptoms of depression, and by 40% of those who screened positive for symptoms of alcohol abuse.
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PMID:Prevalence of depressive and alcohol abuse symptoms among women VA outpatients who report experiencing sexual assault while in the military. 1064 79

A national household probability sample of 4,023 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years was surveyed by telephone via structured clinical interview to determine the impact of familial substance use, sexual and physical assault, witnessed violence, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on risk of smoking. Results indicated that familial substance use increased risk of smoking only for boys and sexual assault or depression increased risk of smoking only for girls. Age, Caucasian ethnicity, and experiencing physical assault or witnessing violence elevated risk of current cigarette use for both genders. By contrast, PTSD per se was not associated with increased risk of smoking, after the effects of other variables were controlled.
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PMID:Assault, PTSD, family substance use, and depression as risk factors for cigarette use in youth: findings from the National Survey of Adolescents. 1094 80

Symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were examined for their association with health status in a sample of sexual assault victims. Hypotheses were that symptoms of each disorder would account for unique variance in health status among individuals exposed to traumatic stressors. Fifty-seven sexually assaulted college women were assessed for prior victimization history, assault characteristics, and depressive and PTSD symptoms. When prior history of sexual victimization, assault severity, and physical reactions during the assault were controlled, hierarchical multiple regression models indicated that symptoms of PTSD and depression were significantly associated with global health perceptions and severity of self-reported health symptoms. Only PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with reproductive health symptoms. The results suggest that both symptoms of PTSD and depression account for the relationship between exposure and health impairment among sexual assault victims.
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PMID:Associations among symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder and self-reported health in sexually assaulted women. 1104 16

In women with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), poor physical health may be related to their PTSD symptoms through an underlying negative affect or distress that accompanies the disorder, through the PTSD symptoms in general, or specifically through the chronic hyperarousal present in the disorder. The current study examined the relative contribution of these factors to reported physical symptoms in female victims of sexual assault. Seventy-six women with chronic PTSD were assessed, using measures of stressful life events, psychological difficulties, and perceived health. Negative life events, anger, depression, and PTSD severity were all related to self-reported physical symptoms; however, PTSD severity predicted self-reported physical symptoms beyond these other variables. Contrary to our hypothesis, the reexperiencing cluster of PTSD, and not the hyperarousal cluster, was related to self-reported physical symptoms.
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PMID:PTSD severity and health perceptions in female victims of sexual assault. 1110 36

Stalking has been relatively understudied compared to other dimensions of intimate partner violence. The purpose of this article was to examine concurrent and subsequent intimate partner abuse, strategic responses and symptomatic consequences of severe stalking experienced by battered women. Thirty-five battered women classified as "relentlessly stalked" and 31 infrequently stalked battered women were compared. Compared to infrequently stalked battered women, relentlessly stalked battered women reported: (a) more severe concurrent physical violence, sexual assault and emotional abuse: (b) increased post-separation assault and stalking; (c) increased rates of depression and PTSD; and (d) more extensive use of strategic responses to abuse. Results underscore the scope and magnitude of stalking faced by battered women and have implications for assessment and intervention strategies.
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PMID:The impact of severe stalking experienced by acutely battered women: an examination of violence, psychological symptoms and strategic responding. 1128 40

In this article, we review a number of studies on sexual functioning after sexual assault. Among the studies discussed, three different approaches can be distinguished: the descriptive analyses of sexual functioning and sexual problems, the exploration of factors which predict sexual problems, and the study of relationships between sexual problems and other psychological problems. Although the studies vary considerably in methodology, they point to the conclusion that frequency of sexual contact decreases after sexual assault. Satisfaction and pleasure in sexual activities seem to diminish for a considerable group of victims for at least 1 year postassault. In several studies it was revealed that victims develop sexual problems that can persist for years after the assault. These include response inhibiting problems, such as fear and arousal and desire dysfunctions. Most researchers have found that factors such as a young age, a known offender, and penetration during the assault are related to sexual problems. With respect to physical violence used during the assault, the results are inconclusive. Furthermore, emotions felt during and immediately after the assault, such as anger towards self, shame, and guilt, may predict sexual problems. Avoidance of sexual contact also appears to be related to sexual problems. A loving and understanding partner seems to be a protective factor. Finally it can be concluded that sexual problems are related to other psychological problems, including posttraumatic stress symptoms and depression.
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PMID:Problems with sexuality after sexual assault. 1135 33


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