Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Panic disorder is a chronic illness that affects at least 3 percent of the population. Panic disorder is associated with significant morbidity and an increased risk of suicide. Patients generally present with multiple somatic and psychologic complaints, including heart palpitations, chest pain, tremor, shortness of breath, choking, nausea or abdominal distress, dizziness, derealization, fear of losing control or going crazy, fear of dying, paresthesias, chills or hot flushes, headache, diarrhea, insomnia, chronic fatigue, anxiety and depression. To make the correct diagnosis, these symptoms must be evaluated carefully since they also occur with serious cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrinologic and neurologic disorders. Many effective treatments are available, including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, benzodiazepines such as alprazolam and clonazepam, and psychotherapy.
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PMID:Panic disorder. 748 99

The therapeutic efficacy, utility and safety of bifemelane hydrochloride were studied in 52 elderly depressive patients. The drug was administered as a tablet containing 50 mg orally three times daily for 8 consecutive weeks. The final global improvement rating and global utility rating were respectively 80.8 and 73.1 percent for all patients. The improvement rates on the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D) were more than 60% for depressed mood, guilt, suicide, middle insomnia, delayed insomnia, psychotic anxiety, gastro-intestinal symptom, hypochondriasis, depersonalization and derealization. The rates regarding global symptoms evaluated by the Psychoneurotic rating scale for doctor's use were more than 60% for tension, agitation, irritability and excitement, phobia, depression, hypochondria and nocturnal delirium in psychotic symptoms, and insomnia in addition to palpitation in somatic symptoms. A significant decrease was also observed in the symptoms covered by the Self-rating depression scale of Zung after treatment with this drug. There were no instances of side-effects, nor any abnormalities in laboratory tests, encountered throughout the trial. Therefore, bifemelane hydrochloride is of value for the treatment of geriatric depression.
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PMID:The effects of bifemelane hydrochloride on depressive illness of the elderly. 749 Jan 69

The present study evaluated the efficacy of three tasks in inducing depersonalization (DP) and derealization (DR) in three different groups: (a) panic disorder patients who report these symptoms while panicking (PD + DD; n = 10); (b) panic disorder patients never experiencing these symptoms during panic attacks (PD; n = 10); and (c) nonanxious controls (NC; n = 10). Clinical features of the PD+DD and PD Ss were compared as well. Relative to PD Ss, PD + DD Ss evidenced higher levels of depression, trait anxiety, more fear of panic, and had a briefer duration of their disorder. A substantial proportion of NC Ss reported past DP and DR experiences. DP and DR induction procedures were the following: staring at a dot on the wall, staring in a mirror, and silent repetition of one's name. Results indicated two tasks (mirror and dot) successfully elicited these sensations above baseline levels with DP reported more frequently and intensely than DR for all Ss. The PD + DD Ss evidenced greater baseline-to-task increases in DP and DR relative to the other two groups and exhibited a differential fear response, particularly on the dot task, with 30% of these Ss intentionally distracting themselves or terminating the induction.
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PMID:The experimental induction of depersonalization and derealization in panic disorder and nonanxious subjects. 804 62

The authors investigated the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in depression and borderline personality disorder employing the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines. Clear-cut delusions and hallucinations were rare among the borderlines. However, derealization and depersonalization symptoms were common and were found to be prevalent as among depressives. The prevalence of these symptoms among patients with both borderline personality disorder and depression was similar to that among patients with only borderline personality disorder or depression. The relationship between depression and borderline personality disorder and the significance of psychotic symptoms in these disorders is discussed.
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PMID:Psychotic symptoms in depression and borderline personality disorder. 822 64

From August to November 1992, five typhoons struck the U.S. Pacific island territory of Guam. Three hundred and twenty subjects exposed to all five typhoons participated in a population survey measuring their acute stress symptoms and subsequent diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. A 23-item scale approximating the new DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder (ASD) was used to classify subjects into three groups based on their symptoms one week after the first typhoon: (1) probable ASD, (2) an early traumatic stress response (ETSR) of fear, intrusion, avoidance, and arousal, without dissociation, and (3) no acute diagnosis. A multi-dimensional measure of PTSD and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale were used to assess PTSD and depression 8 months after the first storm. The point prevalence of ASD at one week was 7.2%. An additional 15% of subjects had ETSR. Subjects with probable ASD at one week had significantly increased rates of PTSD and somewhat higher rates of depression at 8 months than those without ASD. In contrast, subjects with ETSR at one week did not have a poorer outcome than those with no acute diagnosis. These findings suggest that ASD is prognostically important, but also indicate that all acute stress symptoms do not have the same discriminative value. In this study, the acute dissociative symptoms of emotional numbing and derealization differentiated highly symptomatic subjects at risk for subsequent psychopathology (ASD) from others who were highly symptomatic at one week, but then had a more benign, posttraumatic course (ETSR).
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PMID:Acute stress disorder, subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after a series of typhoons. 916 Jun 26

Because a valid psychiatric history is difficult to obtain from an acute psychotic patient, particularly upon first admission, information given by important others is necessary for diagnostic classification, but the validity of this data must be examined. Within the ABC Schizophrenia Study, the onset and early course of schizophrenia was assessed from 171 post-psychotic first admissions and their close relatives. High agreement was found for substance abuse, self-destructive behaviour, paranoid delusion and social role deficits. Agreement was low for unspecific symptoms like depression, anxiety, problems with concentration or sleep. Due to a lack of sensitivity of the relatives' reports, agreement was also low for formal thought and perceptual disorders and derealization. A second study with 30 patients with schizophrenia and with 2 or more relatives for each case (n = 69) demonstrated that the quality of relatives' reports depends primarily on the relative's image of the patient (e.g., perceived dominance) and on the relative's attributions about the cause of the disease. Close and long contact tends to impair the quality of reports. Again, the observation of different symptoms is influenced differently by these factors.
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PMID:[Reliability of family reports of illness anamnesis of schizophrenic patients]. 923 7

Religious experience is brain-based, like all human experience. Clues to the neural substrates of religious-numinous experience may be gleaned from temporolimbic epilepsy, near-death experiences, and hallucinogen ingestion. These brain disorders and conditions may produce depersonalization, derealization, ecstasy, a sense of timelessness and spacelessness, and other experiences that foster religious-numinous interpretation. Religious delusions are an important subtype of delusional experience in schizophrenia, and mood-congruent religious delusions are a feature of mania and depression. The authors suggest a limbic marker hypothesis for religious-mystical experience. The temporolimbic system tags certain encounters with external or internal stimuli as depersonalized, derealized, crucially important, harmonious, and/or joyous, prompting comprehension of these experiences within a religious framework.
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PMID:The neural substrates of religious experience. 981 98

The present study examined the prevalence and correlates of dissociative symptoms in patients with panic disorder and patients with other nonpanic anxiety disorders. A total of 56 patients with anxiety disorders (13 with panic disorder alone, 16 with comorbid panic and other anxiety, and 27 with other anxiety disorders) were assessed with structured clinical interviews and a battery of questionnaires. Although 69% of patients with panic disorder experienced depersonalization or derealization during their panic attacks, panic disorder patients were no more likely to experience dissociative experiences as assessed by the Dissociative Experience Scale than patients with other anxiety disorders. In the entire sample, the prevalence of dissociative experiences was very low and well within nonpathological ranges. The correlates of dissociative symptoms were severity of depression, social anxiety, and personality disorders. The implications of these findings for conceptualizing the nature of dissociative symptoms within an anxiety population are discussed.
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PMID:Dissociative symptoms in panic disorder. 944 87

Psychiatrists have always maintained that there is a relationship between aggressive behaviour and suicide in depressed patients. However, this relationship is based on inconsistent and undocumented hypotheses, not on reliable clinical experimental data. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between aggressive behaviour assessed by means of the Buss and Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), and suicide in a sample of 134 depressed out-patients. The group with a higher level of suicidal behaviour was of younger age. The association between depressive subtypes (major depression, recurrent; major depression, single episode; bipolar disorder, depressive episode; dysthymia) and suicidality was found to be statistically significant. In contrast, there was no correlation between depressive subtypes and aggressive behaviour. The relationship between suicide and guilt as measured by the BDHI suggests that, in depression, suicidal behaviour becomes part of a symptom pattern in which aggression does not appear to be the main component. The suicide dimension arises when the cognitive sphere is involved. In fact, in depression, suicide is included among the cognitive disturbances, together with guilt, paranoid and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depersonalization/derealization and agitation.
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PMID:Suicidality and aggressive behaviour. 951 9

The differentiation of three types of panic attacks is proposed to be significant for understanding the course and etiology of panic and other psychiatric disorders and physical illnesses. The present investigation is based on longitudinal data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study of 1980 to 1981 and its 1994 to 1996 follow-up. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) of panic symptoms identified three types of panic which were consistent over time and for which reliable scales were constructed to measure derealization, cardiac panic, and respiratory panic. Unlike panic disorder, none of the three types of panic attacks predicted the incidence of depression. Derealization was associated with a broader variety of psychiatric disorders than the other two types of panic, including simple phobias, but was not associated with physical diseases. Cardiac panic attacks were associated with a history of heart disease and predicted the incidence of agoraphobia but were not comorbid with depression, unlike the other two forms of panic. Respiratory panic attacks were consistently symptomatic of dysthymia and predicted a higher risk of hospitalization for breast cancer and myocardial infarction (MI).
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PMID:Types of panic attacks and their association with psychiatric disorder and physical illness. 1057 80


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