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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would facilitate the large task of detection and management of emotional disorder in patients under investigation and treatment in medical and surgical departments.
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PMID:The hospital anxiety and depression scale. 688 Aug 20

Psychosomatic dermatology is practiced in some manner by every dermatologist. In spite of this, there has been a virtual void in the literature from the middle 1950s until the present time. The relationship to physiologic phenomena, as well as a classification of psychosomatic dermatology, is reviewed. Dermatologic patients are divided into three groups: the primary group in which the emotional disorder is the primary disease and the cutaneous disorder merely part of its expression; the secondary group in which the basic cause is organic but does not affect the person emotionally in various degrees; and the collaborative group in which the organic causes and emotional disorders combine in different degrees to cause the skin disorder. This paper discusses anxiety and depression along with methods of dermatologic psychosomatic therapy consisting of antianxiety drugs, especially the benzodiazepines, antidepressants, hypnosis, behavior therapy, and the doctor/patient rapport. We conclude that one of the objectives for every dermatologist is to treat the entire patient-the psyche along with the soma.
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PMID:Dermatopsychosomatics: classification, physiology, and therapeutic approaches. 702 10

The study reported here documents a variety of psychiatric educational needs of residents in internal medicine. By studying 150 medical outpatients, the authors found that 59 percent of the patients had probable emotional disorders, 48 percent suffered from significant symptoms of depression, negative life events and low social support were significantly associated with both probable emotional disorder and depressive symptoms, only 20 percent of the patient charts contained psychiatric diagnoses, 78 percent of the charts contained no mental status data, patients on the average could report only 56 percent of their diagnoses and 60 percent of their management plans, and 70 percent of the patients reported that they were not asked about personal problems. These results have formed the basis for a psychiatric educational program in internal medicine at the University of Alabama in Birmingham and will serve as pretraining comparison data for the evaluation of outcome.
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PMID:Psychiatric education for primary care: a pilot study of needs of residents. 714 4

The reported prevalence of depressive symptomatology among the elderly ranges from 5 to 65 percent in hospital and community populations. Depression is considered the most common emotional disorder of advanced age. One of the chief diagnostic problems has been the lack of differentiation between disorders manifested by dysphoric or depressive symptoms. Recent work on operational criteris, as exemplified in the Third Edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III) provides a basis from which the diagnosis of depression can be made and subgroups of elderly depressed subjects can be delineated. A community survey involving a stratified random sample of 997 persons aged 65 or older living in Durham County was completed in 1972. An 18-item subscale eliciting depressive symptomatology was abstracted from the survey questionnaire and submitted to factor analysis, tests of reliability, and association with clinical diagnosis. The instrument proved to be a useful means of identifying persons with depressive symptomatology, as outlined in DSM-III. It also can be used for epidemiologic studies of depression in the elderly.
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PMID:The diagnosis of depression in the elderly. 735 50

This communication surveys 398 consecutive head injury patients who were in regular full-time employment at the time of injury and who were examined in connection with a claim for compensation. In uncomplicated cases there was a close correlation between the duration of posttraumatic amnesia and the length of time off work. Some common causes of prolonged organic disability are mentioned. The recovery rate of patients suffering from posttraumatic emotional disorders, such as depression or anxiety, was proportional to the initial severity of injury, whereas the indefinite invalidism associated with so-called 'accident neurosis' was found to be rare in severely injured patients. 'Accident neurosis' also was more common in manual workers sustaining accidents at work than in the same occupation group after road accidents, or in non-manual workers. It is concluded that posttraumatic emotional disorder and 'accident neurosis' are not the extremes of a spectrum but separate and distinguishable conditions.
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PMID:Posttraumatic amnesia, post-concussional symptoms and accident neurosis. 738 58

The cognitive model of depression assigns a central role to negatively biased information processing in the pathogenesis of the emotional disorder. The relationship between depression and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was explored from a cognitive perspective. A word recognition memory task was constructed: subjects had to memorize and subsequently recognise a set of emotionally loaded stimulus words with either positive, neutral, or negative connotations. Four age matched groups participated--30 IBS patients, 28 depressed patients, 28 patients with organic gastrointestinal disease, and 30 healthy volunteers. The depressed patients, as would be expected, showed a significant bias in favour of emotionally negative words (p < 0.05): the IBS patients showed the same negative bias. In addition the IBS patients made significantly more false-positive type errors in recognising emotionally negative words than either the depressed patients (p < 0.05) or the healthy volunteers (p < 0.01). This suggests that the IBS patients have a peculiar confirmatory bias for negative material. This may have clinical relevance in terms of the IBS patients' evaluation of their own abdominal sensory experience.
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PMID:Selective affective biasing in recognition memory in the irritable bowel syndrome. 830 88

Depressive illness is the most common emotional disorder in those of advanced age, occurring in approximately one seventh of those over 65 years old. Despite its high prevalence, depression in the elderly is more complicated to diagnose and treat than depression in younger adults. Successful pharmacotherapy for depression in the elderly requires careful consideration of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antidepressant medications of various classes to balance the therapeutic effects and side effect profiles of these agents. The heterocyclic antidepressants are effective in the elderly, but their use in this population may be limited by anticholinergic and/or cardiovascular side effects. The monoamine oxidase inhibitors also are effective, but compliance problems limit their usefulness in older persons. The serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors have been shown to be effective in the elderly, and their side effect profiles are generally milder than those of the older agents. Elderly patients receiving psychotropic drug therapy must be monitored carefully because treatment failure due to undermedication and drug toxicity due to overmedication may have more severe consequences in older than in younger adults.
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PMID:Pharmacologic treatment of depression in the elderly. 844 31

Using outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders (N = 350), the authors tested several models of the structural relationships of dimensions of key features of selected emotional disorders and dimensions of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression. Results supported the discriminant validity of the 5 symptom domains examined (mood disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, GAD; panic disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder; social phobia). Of various structural models evaluated, the best fitting involved a structure consistent with the tripartite model (e.g., the higher order factors, negative affect and positive affect, influenced emotional disorder factors in the expected manner). The latent factor, GAD, influenced the latent factor, autonomic arousal, in a direction consistent with recent laboratory findings (autonomic suppression). Findings are discussed in the context of the growing literature on higher order trait dimensions (e.g., negative affect) that may be of considerable importance to the understanding of the pathogenesis, course, and co-occurrence of emotional disorders.
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PMID:Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. 960 48

Depression is perhaps the most frequent emotional disorder to occur after a stroke. These depressions may be either major or minor in type and usually remit within the first year after the stroke. In addition to emotional suffering, poststroke depression has been associated with inhibited physical recovery, impaired cognitive functioning, and increased mortality. Determining whether these consequences of stroke may be improved by treatment of depression constitutes both a major challenge and an enormous opportunity for new approaches to poststroke pharmacotherapy. Previous controlled and uncontrolled treatment trials have provided partial support for the hypothesis that mood, cognitive, physical, and survival consequences of poststroke depression may be improved by antidepressant therapy.
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PMID:Treatment issues in poststroke depression. 980 19

Fifty-seven individuals with severe and profound mental retardation (18 with a DSM-IV diagnosis of depression, 19 with a Diagnostic Statistical Manual, 4th edition diagnosis of autism, and 20 who meet no criteria for an emotional disorder) were studied. The validity of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped II depression subscale was evaluated to determine its value in categorizing individuals in these two groups. Suggestions were made for diagnosing depression in persons with severe and profound mental retardation. In a second study the above individuals were compared on symptomology to assess comorbidity with related symptoms. These "core," peripheral, or associated features of depression were identified. Implications of the findings for describing and defining depression in these persons are discussed.
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PMID:Characteristics of depression as assessed by the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH-II). 1042 58


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