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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this study, we attempted to explore the construct validity of the Kendrick Battery by using an American sample and psychometric tests as indexes of diffuse organicity, depression, and normality. Institutionalized residents (N = 53) were tested twice (6-week interval). When organicity was defined by disorientation and memory deficits, then both the Object Learning test and the Digit Copying test were accurate in differentiating preestablished criterion groups. When organicity was defined more broadly, including sensorimotor function, the Digit Copying test alone was more accurate when depression was defined in terms of irritability, restlessness, and despair. These data suggest that although the Kendrick scales appeared to be sensitive to organicity and depression in this sample, their validity varied with the criteria for each when such were defined psychometrically.
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PMID:Construct validity of the Kendrick Battery with institutionalized aged. 376 Dec 19

A brief psychiatric inventory has been developed from the AMP/AMDP system for the assessment and classification of psychic disturbances after open heart surgery in a random sample of 99 patients operated upon. By means of item analysis in accordance with classic test theory, a list of 36 symptoms (items) was selected. Factor analysis of this brief inventory resulted in eight factors: disorientation, impaired concentration and thinking, paranoid-hallucinatory symptoms, anxiety, sullen inadequacy (restraint depression), hostility, loss of control, giving up. By cluster analysis the sample was divided into six subgroups: "unnoticeable", "rather unnoticeable", "slight psycho-organic symptoms with affective-emotional disturbances", "severe psycho-organic symptoms with loss of control", "hostility with paranoid and hallucinatory and psycho-organic symptoms", "delirious symptoms". Some results agree well with the descriptions of syndromes given by other AMP/AMDP reports. Other divergent results probably reflect the particular situation of the patients after open heart surgery.
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PMID:[The Hamburg Rating Scale for psychiatric disorders following heart operations (HRPD)]. 387 98

Deficiencies of specific vitamins produce consistent symptoms of psychiatric disorder. Thiamine deficiency, which is common in alcoholism, can produce confusion and psychotic symptoms, in addition to neurological signs. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency may contribute symptoms of disorientation, depression or psychosis; their measurement is a part of routine dementia work-ups. Pyridoxine deficiency results in seizures, although the effects of exogenously administered pyridoxine are not clearly understood in depression and anxiety - the disorders in which it is most frequently used clinically. The use of vitamins has been most prominent in psychiatry in the treatment of schizophrenia, where large doses of nicotinic acid were initially given alone and later combined with other vitamins and minerals. Several theoretical models were described to support the use of vitamins in schizophrenia. These included: the parallels of schizophrenia to the psychiatric symptoms of pellagra; hypotheses of a defect in adrenaline metabolism; and the accumulation of psychotoxic substances which produce psychotic symptoms. Initially, positive results were reported over 30 years ago, but have not been replicated by thorough investigations. An extensive series of comprehensive placebo-controlled trials failed to show efficacy for any of the vitamin therapies tested. Although clearly less effective than antipsychotic drug treatment, vitamin therapy is not without risks - adverse effects have been reported with nicotinic acid, pyridoxine and vitamin C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Vitamins in psychiatry. Do they have a role? 389 44

A survey of 67 pregnancies in 51 professional women (physicians, psychologists, nurses, administrators, etc.) revealed the occurrence of symptoms of cognitive dysfunction such as forgetfulness, disorientation, confusion and reading difficulties in 28 pregnancies occurring in 21 women. These were unrelated to such factors as age of delivery, percentage weight gain, the baby's sex or birth weight, alcohol consumption, smoking, a history of migraine or allergy or other symptoms occurring during pregnancy such as sleepiness and lack of concentration, irritability, loss of interest in job or nightmares. Nor was there any correlation with hypertension, proteinuria, glycosuria, ketonuria, anemia, or morning sickness. Furthermore, these cognitive disturbances were not related to depression or sleep deprivation. Despite these symptoms, none of the women suffering from them were forced to interrupt their professional activities during pregnancy. The syndrome of benign encephalopathy of pregnancy should be recognized so that simple precautions can be taken to prevent any interference with professional or other activities. The etiology of the syndrome is unknown.
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PMID:Benign encephalopathy of pregnancy. Preliminary clinical observations. 395 58

A sample of 80 male offenders charged with premeditated murder were divided into five personality types using MMPI scores. A hierarchical clustering procedure was used with a subsequent internal cross-validation analysis using a second sample of 80 premeditated murderers. A Discriminant Analysis resulted in a 96.25% correct classification of subjects from the second sample into the five types. Clinical data from a mental status interview schedule supported the external validity of these types. There were significant differences among the five types in hallucinations, disorientation, hostility, depression, and paranoid thinking. Both similarities and differences of the present typology with prior research was discussed. Additional research questions were suggested.
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PMID:The development and cross-validation of an MMPI typology of murderers. 403 1

We studied the relationship between the mental disorders and the mental severities of 163 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), who were admitted to the CCU (Coronary Care Unit) of Nippon Medical School Hospital during the past 2 years. Their mental disorders were diagnosed by psychiatrists, and the relationship between their physical severities according to Killip's classification and their mental severities was investigated. Based on these studies, the authors described the way to manage AMI patients in a CCU, especially from a psychiatric point of view. 1) About 64% of all the patients showed some mental disorders, and many of them were in a state of anxiety or depression. In most of the cases their mental severities were considered to be mild or moderate. 2) We found some correlation between physical severities according to Killip's classification and mental severities (r = 0.3061, p less than 0.005). Many patients with grade I of Killip's classification showed a normal or mild severity, and many with grade II had a mild or moderate severity. About one half of the patients with grades III and IV showed moderate and severe severities, respectively. 3) About 26% of the subjects were in need of psychotropic medication. 4) About 10% of the subjects showed disorientation or cloudy consciousness. The mental severity of patients with an acute lidocaine intoxication was severe. These results showed that there was a significant correlation between physical severity according to Killip's classification and mental severity of AMI patients in the CCU. Patients whose physical severity was not so great showed comparatively mild mental disorders. As Killip's grade of physical severity progressed, mental disorder became more severe.
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PMID:The relationship between mental disorders and physical severities in patients with acute myocardial infarction. 685 26

Two neuropsychological tests were administered to 227 men and women, ages 25 to 69 years, before and after coronary bypass and cardiac valve operations to provide current information regarding the incidence of postoperative decrements in neuropsychological dysfunction and the factors associated with them. Biographical, psychological, and medical-surgical data were studied together with changes in scores on the Trail Making Tests and the Visual Reproduction (VR) Test of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Postoperative decrements greater than one standard deviation were observed in each of the four scores derived from these testings for 11% to 17% of the patients. Yet 70% of all patients remained within one standard deviation of original performance on all four scores. Among the preoperative correlates of significantly reduced test performance were age greater than 60 years, end-diastolic pressure greater than 30 mm Hg, moderate to severely enlarged heart size on preoperative x-ray film, and use of propranolol or chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride. Significant perioperative correlates included measure of duration of operation (such as total time of operation greater than 7 hours, time on the pump greater than 2 hours, and aortic cross-clamp time greater than 2 hours), total estimate of blood loss greater than 2,000 ml, hypotension, difficult intubation, and insertion of an intra-aortic balloon. Postoperative factors significantly associated with declines in test scores included electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl-) abnormalities, longer stay in the intensive care unit, bizarre behavior or disorientation, and depression score. These findings suggest that those patients with more precarious heart function, a more protracted operation, and/or increased metabolic disturbances are especially prone to neuropsychological dysfunction following cardiac operations.
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PMID:Neuropsychological dysfunction following elective cardiac operation. I. Early assessment. 698 34

Psychotic states are mimicked by the use of many drugs including amphetamines, cannabis, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, mescaline, isoniazid, and L-dopa. A paranoid psychotic picture in a clear sensorium is characteristic of amphetamine psychosis. In developing countries, malaria among other diseases is a frequent indicator of chloroquine administration. The present communication reports a series of chloroquine-induced psychosis in a clear sensorium simulating affective illness, such as mania, mixed affective states, or depression. The psychosis disappeared after cessation of the drug, combined with or without the use of low dosage phenothiazines in excited patients. From our cases, two types of presentation of chloroquine psychosis could be seen: (1) psychic with clear sensorium, mood changes, alteration in motor activity, delusions, and hallucinations; and (2) psycho-organic with clouded sensorium, disorientation, and fleeting hallucinations. The precise nature of the mechanism of the psychosis is not clear because of the limited number of reported cases.
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PMID:Chloroquine psychosis: a chemical psychosis? 731 Sep 24

Cluster analysis was carried out on a sample of 92 patients with behavior disorders caused by degenerative, vascular, (alcohol) toxic, and other diseases of the brain. Rating variables of the AMDP system concerning mental state, social behavior, need for special care, sleep disorders, autonomic, physical, and neurologic symptoms were used in the absence of severe degrees of disordered consciousness such as stupor, coma, delirium tremens, and gross cerebral lesions. Results suggested the existence of four major groups of global cognitive impairment combined with neurasthenia and irritability in the first, hypochondriasis and depression in the second, withdrawal symptoms in the third, and severe disorientation in the fourth. At the seven-group level the groups were further distinguished according to severe withdrawal, amnestic syndrome, and dementia by various social and illness behaviors, sleep-wakefulness pattern, hypo- or hyperactivity, additional physical, and neurologic symptoms. Other minor types of organic brain syndromes were identified as individual cases by hallucinations or other circumscribed cognitive, psychomotor, affect, motivation, personality, and/or behavior disorder, symptomatic manic, or schizophreniform psychosis. The findings lent support to old classifications and new ones of organic mental syndromes (DSM-III).
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PMID:Classification of organic brain syndromes by cluster analysis. 742 21

Seven hundred twelve patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for major depression and recommended for antidepressant treatment were treated with moclobemide as outpatients (88%) or inpatients in ordinary psychiatric practices. These differ from the highly selected patients usually studied in antidepressant research, without comorbidity, or coprescription and treated in special clinics. Sixty-five percent were women, with a mean age of 45 (+/- 13.6) years, and 88% were outpatients. Eighty-eight percent had preexisting depression. Eight percent had prior manic episodes. Previous antidepressant treatment for this episode had been received by 69%, with the most common reasons for change to moclobemide being inadequate response (66%) and poor tolerability (20%). The modal final dose was 450 mg. Regarding tolerability, 52% did not report adverse events. The most common adverse events were insomnia or stimulation (13%), nausea (11%), headache or migraine (11%), dizziness or disorientation (6%), sedation or drowsiness (5%), agitation or nervousness (3%), and diarrhea (3%). Only 10% of adverse events were severe, and 83% lasted less than 2 weeks. There was no difference when moclobemide followed fluoxetine use. Most adverse events did not significantly differ from the frequencies reported in double-blind placebo-controlled studies. Concomitant medications from all major drug groups were taken by 520 patients (73%), with no adverse interactions. Moclobemide overdose resulted in an uneventful recovery, whereas mixed overdoses caused no problems other than those attributable to coprescribed medication. On physician clinical global impression, 65% were moderately improved or better after 8 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Moclobemide for depression: an Australian psychiatric practice study. 759 27


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