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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Merycism has always intrigued clinicians. A review of the recent literature reminds us of its characteristics. The auto-stimulation dimension appears important, whatever the underlying psychopathology of mericysm. The frequence of mericysm during early childhood seems to have considerably diminished, even almost disappeared. We will discuss the reasons why mericysm continues to exist in the anorexic and boulmic young adult. We will analyze the relationship of mericysm in early childhood to depression and to growth delay. The dimension of ascendency seems to help us understand this problem.
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PMID:[An update on merycism and early depression: a critical review of the literature and a psychopathological hypothesis]. 855 53

Numerous studies have estimated the frequency of bulimia nervosa among high school girls and college women, but population-based trends in incidence in a community have not been reported. In this study we determined the incidence of bulimia nervosa by identifying persons residing in the community of Rochester, Minnesota, who had the disorder initially diagnosed during the 11-year period from 1980 to 1990. Using our comprehensive population-based data resource (the Rochester Epidemiology Project), we identified cases by screening 777 medical records with diagnoses of bulimia; feeding disturbance; rumination syndrome; adverse effects of cathartics, emetics, or diuretics; polyphagia; sialosis; or vomiting. We identified 103 Rochester residents (100 female and 3 male) who fulfilled DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa during the 11-year study period. Mean +/- S.D. age for females at the time of diagnosis was 23.0 +/- 6.1 years (range, 14.4 to 40.2 years). Yearly incidence in females rose sharply from 7.4 per 100000 population in 1980 to 49.7 in 1983, and then remained relatively constant around 30 per 100000 population. The annual age-adjusted incidence rates were 26.5 per 100000 population for females and 0.8 per 100000 population for males. The overall age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence was 13.5 per 100000 population. Bulimia nervosa is a common disorder in adolescent girls and young women from 15 to 24 years of age. Histories of alcohol or drug abuse, depression, or anorexia nervosa were higher than expected in the general population.
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PMID:Bulimia nervosa in Rochester, Minnesota from 1980 to 1990. 858 3

There is a scarcity of information available with respect to postbereavement outcomes for survivors of the suicide of a loved one. Few studies have focused on postvention therapies for the bereaved, particularly the bereaved survivors of suicide. The major aim of this study as to compare the effects of two theoretically derived nursing postventions, Bereavement Group Postvention (BGP) and Social Group Postvention (SGP), among the widowed whose spouses died of suicide. The findings suggest that both groups experienced an overall reduction in depression and distress. Although participants in the SGP generally showed significant improvement in social adjustment, they tended to be less well adjusted with respect to their parental roles at the end of the 8-week postvention sessions. Comparison of the psychoemotional correlates of grief varied such that there were no significant differences between the postvention groups for social isolation, loss of control, somatization, or death anxiety. The BGP participants experienced significantly reduced levels of anger/hostility and guilt; however, feelings of anger/hostility actually increased for those receiving the SGP. There was a significant reduction in feelings of despair, rumination, and depersonalization for both groups. Although social isolation was not significantly reduced for participants in either group, those receiving the BGP tended to experience a reduction in social isolation and those receiving the SGP showed no changes.
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PMID:Nursing postvention for spousal survivors of suicide. 870 34

Mental stimulation ensures the flow of blood, oxygen and nutrients to the brain. The stimulation can be either generated internally from thought and rumination or externally from our environment via the senses. Without this stimulation, neuron shrinkage and atrophy eventually may lead to depression and senile dementia. This paper explains why mental stimulation may be prevented from realizing its beneficial effects of increasing the blood flow to the brain. The hypothesis is based on feedback biological mechanisms that prevent overload of the neural circuitry due to excessive mental stimulation. However, if overstimulation is maintained over a long period and, with it, the overload protection process, it may eventually lead to permanent depletion of neuron connections and also neural communications.
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PMID:The physiology of boredom, depression and senile dementia. 873 85

The authors tested and extended S. Nolen-Hoeksema's (1991) response styles (RSs) theory of depression by assessing the role of RSs in the onset of depressive episodes (DEs), controlling for the effects of concurrent depression, examining the dispositional aspects of RS, clarifying the role of distraction in the course of a DE, and studying the predictive validity of the Response Styles Questionnaire, Nondepressed (ND) participants who reported that they ruminate in response to their depressive symptoms were more likely to experience a DE over 18 months than were participants who reported that they distract themselves from their symptoms. Both a ruminative RS as measured in an ND state and the use of rumination during the first DE predicted the severity of that episode. In contrast, neither trait nor state rumination predicted the duration of the first DE. Participants showed moderate stability of RSs over 1 year and responded in a consistent manner when depressed.
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PMID:The response styles theory of depression: tests and an extension of the theory. 913 42

Obsession was introduced by Kraepelin in 1915 and has been studied extensively since. When a person with obsession becomes physically exhausted with chronic rumination accompanied by suspicion, he or she is driven to impulsive acts, and develops a personality disorder that displays persistent abnormal activities. Obsession is related closely to depression and schizophrenia. Obsession is induced when uncertainty and instability dominates intelligence and creativity. The current social hierarchy of a strongly controlled society rejects diversity of humanity and often triggers personality disorders. This article reviews obsession and a myth as primitive mentality, normal and abnormal obsession, obsession vs possession, society and obsession/ impulsion/degeneration, obsession and slowness/autism, a recent biological approach to obsession and a spectrum for obsession.
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PMID:A spectrum for obsession and personality disorders. 920 66

Six primiparous and 6 multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a double d6 x 6 Latin square to determine the effects of the percentage of forage fiber in diets containing concentrates based on barley or corn. Cows received one of six diets that provided three percentages of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from barley silage [19.5, 25.0, and 40.9% of dry matter intake (DMI)] combined with concentrates based on either barley or corn. The DMI (18.6 vs. 18.3 kg/d) and net energy for lactation (27.2 vs. 26.8 Mcal/d) were similar for cows fed barley and corn diets, respectively. Consequently, milk yield (25.7 vs. 25.0 kg/d) and fat-corrected milk yield (22.3 vs. 21.7 kg/d) were not affected by type of grain. Milk yields were similar for cows fed low and medium NDF diets, but yields declined when NDF from forage exceeded 25% of DMI because of declining intake of net energy for lactation. Effects of increased fiber from forage on milk fat content differed depending on diet; the low NDF diet based on barley caused milk fat to decline. Rumination time was higher for diets based on barley than for diets based on corn (516 vs. 469 min/d), and, as the percentage of forage fiber in the diet increased from low to high, rumination time increased more for cows fed diets based on corn than for cows fed diets based on barley. The minimum amount of forage fiber necessary in diets to avoid milk fat depression appeared to be higher for barley diets than for corn diets, although milk fat depression may not be a valid criterion by which to assess minimum fiber concentrations. Further research is needed to determine the minimum concentration of forage fiber needed to ensure healthy ruminal function and cow longevity.
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PMID:Minimum versus optimum concentrations of fiber in dairy cow diets based on barley silage and concentrates of barley or corn. 927 2

The present study examined the role of catastrophizing in predicting levels of pain and disability in a sample of individuals who had sustained soft-tissue injuries to the neck, shoulders or back following work or motor vehicle accidents. Participants were 86 (27 men, 59 women) consecutive referrals to the Atlantic Pain Clinic, a multidisciplinary treatment centre for the management of persistent pain disorders. Findings revealed that catastrophizing, measured by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS; Sullivan, M.J.L. et al., Psychol. Assess., 7 (1995) 524-532) was significantly correlated with patients' reported pain intensity, perceived disability and employment status. The results of a regression analysis further showed that catastrophizing contributed to the prediction of disability over and above the variance accounted for by pain intensity. In addition, catastrophizing was associated with disability independent of the levels of depression and anxiety. The rumination subscale of the PCS was the strongest predictor of pain and disability. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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PMID:Catastrophizing, pain, and disability in patients with soft-tissue injuries. 980 50

Within the framework of the "response styles theory" Nolen-Hoeksema (1991) argues that depressive episodes are prolonged or intensified by symptom-focused rumination. In contrast, depressed mood can be reduced by responses which focus the attention away from the symptoms of depression and its possible causes and consequences. In the present study these assumptions were examined under conditions derived from a critical analysis of earlier empirical studies. 70 students took part in the experiment. Depressed (n = 30) and non-depressed (n = 40) subjects were randomly assigned to either a symptom-focused or a distracting task. Self-report data were used to compare pre- and post-task mood. Results are mainly consistent with predictions. However, in contrast to the findings of Nolen-Hoeksema and her colleagues, no significant increase in depressed mood was observed in the symptom-focused condition and the empirical effect in the distracting condition was weaker than in previous studies using the same distracting task. These inconsistent findings are attributed to differences in the experimental settings. Theoretical and methodical implications are discussed.
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PMID:[Effect of symptom-related vs. distraction-focused attention on dysphoric mood]. 1006 39

Alcoholism, especially the urge to drink and relapse from abstinence, is deeply associated with obsession. And also alcoholics on abstinent 10 years or more are still higher on the obsessive-compulsive symptom dimension more than the depression and interpersonal sensitivity. Obsession was introduced by Kraepelin in 1915 and has been studied extensively since. When a person with obsession becomes exhausted with chronic rumination accompanied suspicion, he or she is driven to impulsive acts like alcoholics, and develops a personality disorder that displays persistent abnormal activities. Impulsive-compulsive spectrum characterizes by dimensions of risk-aversive/risk-seeking and harm-avoidant/harm- minimizing behaviors. Disorders on the compulsive end of the spectrum include obsessive-compulsive disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, anorexia nervosa an depersonalization. Mixed compulsive and impulsive disorders include Tourette's disorder, trichotillomania, pathologic gambling, sexual compulsions and alcoholism. Disorders on the impulsive end of the spectrum include borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Using 123I-IMP SPECT, regional cerebral blood flow significantly decreased in alcoholics without Korsakoff sign (WAIS FIQ 90 or over) than alcoholics with Korsakoff signs (WAIS FIQ 89 or under) and control on the frontal lobe and thalamus. Recent model of obsessive-compulsive pathophysiology demonstrating that cortical regions have different effects on the direct and indirect pathways, indicates that the the different effects of serotonergic agents in the cortex alone could result in a change in balance between the direct versus indirect basal ganglia pathway. This article reviews alcoholism and obsession, ego dystonic and ego syntonic, approach-avoidance conflict, a recent biological approach to alcoholics and a spectrum for obsession.
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PMID:[Dependence and obsession]. 1020 21


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