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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Heterotopic and orthotopic small-bowel allotransplantation was carried out in Wistar rats using grafts reduced to one-half of the original length. Portocaval venous anastomoses and intestinal end-to-end anastomoses were performed. Animals either with complete or with partially reduced native small-bowel served as control. In a total of 51 rats, 88 quantitative in vivo measurements of apparent digestion and absorption of dietary dry matter, organic matter, energy, protein, fat, total ash, and glucose were carried out. Body protein retention was calculated from intake and losses with feces and urine. The digestion trials comprised 8 days of adaptation and 10 days of continual recording of nutrient balance data. In experiments 1 and 2, digestibility coefficients were obtained before and after transplantation within the same animals, untreated or initially treated with cyclosporine A after surgery. Similar groups of rats untreated, with partial resection and with transplantation of the small-bowel, followed by temporary cyclosporine treatment, were used in experiment 3. In experiment 4, rats with transplanted intestines from experiments 1 and 2 were subjected to a further digestion trial 4 to 6 months after the respective first trial. With transplantation of the small intestine, apparent digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as protein retention, tended to be lower. Significant depression occurred in the digestion of fat and ash. In long-term survivors all parameters decreased further. The adverse effects on fat and ash digestion seemed to be pronounced when rejection occurred. Fecal fat excretion might therefore be an indication of dysfunction of small-bowel grafts. Digestion was less imparied if cyclosporine was applied, and part of the effects on digestion and protein balance could be attributed to the shortened bowel.
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PMID:Quantitative effects of allogeneic small-bowel transplantation on nutrient digestion and on body protein balance as determined in vivo in rats. 228 Nov 98

Twenty-four male goats, approximately 2 to 4 wk of age, were allotted to four dietary treatments in a 2 X 2 factorial design and were fed a basal milk diet at 12.5% body weight for 20 wk. Vitamin D3 was added to the milk in two different amounts with and without supplemental CaCO3. At the end of wk 7, corn was added to all diets at 1% body weight. Over 20 wk, average daily gain was unaltered by addition of Ca or vitamin D3 to the diet. When corn was added to the diet, gains increased from 48 to 180 g/d. Plasma Ca concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. Supplemental Ca decreased plasma Mg concentrations. Corn supplementation curtailed a depression in plasma Mg and seemed to prevent a whole milk-induced hypomagnesemia. Fecal excretion of all minerals measured was increased in goats fed supplemental Ca. Dietary Ca increased urinary Ca but decreased urinary Mg. Percentage of apparent absorption of Ca, Mg, and total ash was lower in Ca-supplemented goats, as was apparent retention of Ca and Mg. The physiological responses reported suggest the goat as a potential research model for mineral metabolism studies in other ruminants.
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PMID:Effects of dietary calcium, vitamin D3, and corn supplementation on growth performance and mineral metabolism in young goats fed whole milk diets. 302 50

Alternate feeds are a major resource of the dairy industry. The major issue involving them is a method to predict accurately nutritive value from laboratory analyses. Variation in nutrient content of most alternate feeds is greater than in feed grains. Another issue is which depression factors to use in adjusting values for TDN from maintenance to production intakes. The NRC uses an average depression of 8% for all feeds; others think each feedstuff should be depressed individually, and discount factors have been proposed. For some alternate feeds, large differences in net energy estimates occur. Neutral detergent fiber has been proposed as an indicator of productive energy, but it has several deficiencies with alternate feeds high in fat, molasses, or ash. A summative equation based on fat, ash, protein, NDF, and lignin has wider application for predicting NE1 for all feeds. A roughage value index reflects a feed's property to stimulate chewing and rumination. Its use has special relevance for alternate feeds with small particle sizes, which may induce little chewing. Supplemental fat may increase the metabolizable energy converted to milk, but respiration experiments are needed.
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PMID:Supplying the energy and fiber needs of dairy cows from alternate feed sources. 303 20

The performance of 1680 male and female broiler chickens given diets with either a low (4.7-4.3 g/kg) or high (8.9-8.2 g/kg) content of inorganic phosphorus and four (150, 200, 250 and 300 mEq/kg) electrolyte balances (Na+K-Cl) was measured from 1-d-old to 49 d of age. Diets with the higher concentration of inorganic phosphorus reduced body weight gains in the starter (P less than 0.01) and finisher (P less than 0.05) phases but the efficiency of food utilisation was reduced only in the starter phase (P less than 0.05). The reduction in body weight gain was greater in males than in females. The growth depression caused by the higher concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the finisher diets was partially alleviated by increasing the electrolyte balance to either 250 or 300 mEq/kg diet. The higher concentration of inorganic phosphorus significantly reduced the dressing percentage and increased the abdominal fat pad weight and litter moisture content. Electrolyte balance had no significant effects on efficiency of food utilisation, abdominal fat pad weights or litter moisture content. Neither the dietary concentration of phosphorus nor the electrolyte balance had a significant effect on mortality or ash content of the tibia.
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PMID:Effect of dietary phosphorus concentration and electrolyte balance on the growth performance of broiler chickens. 381 28

This study examines effects of variations in fiber content on nutrient assimilation, fecal output, and gastrointestinal transit time in the dog. Four normal Beagles were fed four diets in a randomized block design. The basal diet was a canned, balanced, meat-based dog food (Alpo Trio) to which added 3, 6, and 9% by weight of alpha cellulose (Solka Flok). Food intake and fecal outputs were recorded for 5-day periods. Samples of diets and fecal collections were analyzed for dry matter, nitrogen, fat, carbohydrate and ash; digestibilities were calculated. Transit times were measured by a radiographic marker technique. Fecal weight and water increased linearly; digestibility of dry matter decreased from 90 to 70% and ash from 43 to 32% with added fiber. Responses of protein, carbohydrate and fat were less pronounced but were regular; regressions of their digestibilities on added fiber were significant. Regression estimate of true digestibility for alpha-cellulose was 6%. Intestinal transit time decreased from a mean of 37.4 to 28.7 hours with added fiber. Decreased intestinal time would contribute to depression of fry matter digestibility. Increased fecal water output probably also reflected retention by fiber.
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PMID:Effects of fiber on digestibility and transit time in dogs. 628 9

The effect of excess amino acids on utilization of the most limiting amino acid was investigated via restricted feeding. Lysine- and threonine-deficient amino acid mixtures were incorporated into diets for young growing rats to provide 75 or 85% of the NRC requirement of the limiting amino acid in combination with zero or 50% of relative excess of the nonlimiting amino acids. The amount of food offered was equalized within treatment groups and increased according to the intake of the group with the lowest rate of consumption. Because of differences in the amount of diet refused, total food intakes were not identical. At equal percentage of the NRC requirement, threonine- and lysine-deficient amino acid mixtures supported equal body weight, dry matter, lipid and ash gains. However, crude protein retention was greater when the threonine-deficient amino acid mixture was fed. The maximum depression in performance due to 50% of amino acid excess with restricted feeding was much less than the maximum decrease previously observed in the ad libitum feeding situation. This supports the conclusion that changes in voluntary food intake are the major effectors of depressed growth due to excess amino acids. These results raise serious concern over the usefulness of amino acid requirements and the applicability of the current system of chemical scores to evaluate protein quality.
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PMID:The effect of amino acid excess on utilization by the rat of the limiting amino acid--lysine and threonine at equalized food intakes. 643 11

The effect of dietary phosphorus deficiency on the performance and on various parameters of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism was studied in laying hens. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in a decline in rate of production and egg weight, probably through appetite depression. The latter, or any secondary calcium deficiency, does not appear to cause the observed reduction in shell quality due to the deficiency. Similar to the response in the chick, phosphorus deficiency resulted in an increase in calcium-binding protein in intestine and kidney, there was no change in the activity of kidney 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3-1-hydroxylase. Percentages of calcium and phosphorus absorption were also higher during phosphorus deficiency. Medullary bone ash, decreased during phosphorus deficiency, was probably due to a reduction in the rate of bone formation.
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PMID:Egg shell quality, medullary bone ash, intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium-binding protein in phosphorus-deficient hens. 654 88

Acute accidental vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) toxicosis was diagnosed in a 6-month-old foal with extensive lesions of soft tissue mineralization. In an experimental study, three 18-month-old horses were given ergocalciferol per os at a rate of 9,300, 22,200, or 47,200 IU/kg of body weight/day for 21 days. Clinical signs or lesions were not seen in horses given the low and intermediate doses, whereas the horse receiving the highest dose developed clinical signs and lesions similar to those noted in the foal. Signs included depression, loss of appetite, weakness, limb stiffness with impaired mobility, and cessation of growth or weight loss. Gross and histologic lesions of mineralization of various soft tissues, especially of the endocardium and wall of large blood vessels, were seen in the foal and the horse given the high dose. Marked, persistent, hyperphosphatemia (7.0 to 13.0 mg of P/dl of serum) developed in each horse. The horse given the intermediate dose remained normocalcemic. Horses given the low and high doses became hypercalcemic (13.6 to 14.5 mg of Ca/dl of serum), but serum calcium concentrations varied from day to day and both horses were normocalcemic at necropsy (12.4 to 12.7 mg of Ca/dl of serum). Distal metacarpal bone ash concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium of the foal were mg/g of bone ash) 400.5, 180.5, and 5.30, respectively. In the horses, treatment with ergocalciferol also had no significant effect on serum magnesium (1.88 to 2.18 mg/dl of serum) or distal metacarpal bone ash concentrations of calcium (352.5 to 362.5 mg/g of bone ash), phosphorus (182.5 to 184.0 mg/g of bone ash), or magnesium (5.48 to 6.02 mg/g of bone ash).
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PMID:Acute vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) toxicosis in horses: case report and experimental studies. 697 34

The effects of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash on rings of hamster tracheal epithelium in organ culture were studied. Volcanic ash samples with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of 7.7 micrometers and 1.6 micrometers caused markedly different alterations in the tracheal mucosa. Examination by SEM of the ventral epithelial surface of tissue from untreated control explants after 2 weeks in culture showed equal numbers of ciliated and microvillous cells. Examination by SEM of tracheas exposed to the smaller size particles revealed that ash concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml increased mucous secretion after one 2-hr exposure. After four or nine 2-hr exposures, cells contained cilia that were short and blunt. Ciliary activity after these exposures showed a significant depression in beating frequency. Tracheal ring cultures exposed to the larger volcanic ash particles exhibited moderate cytomorphological changes after one 2-hr exposure at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 micrograms/ml. As the number of exposures increased, most of the columnar cell layer was lost, resulting in exposure of the basal cells. After nine exposures at the two highest concentrations of ash (10 and 100 micrograms/ml), only a few ciliated cells were remaining. Statistically significant reductions in ciliary activity paralleled the epithelial damage. The degree of epithelial damage and changes in the cilia beating frequency were related to the dose and the number of exposures to the volcanic ash.
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PMID:Response of hamster trachea in organ culture to Mount St. Helens volcano ash. 732 24

Increasing dietary lead concentrations from 0 to 2000 ppm linearly decreased the weight of two-week-old chicks to approximately 70% of that of the controls. The growth depression caused by the lead was lessened by increasing the dietary calcium and phosphorus levels and was completely counteracted by approximately 2.1% calcium with 1.4% phosphorus. As expected, increasing calcium and phosphorus levels up to 1.2% calcium and .8% phosphorus increased bone ash. Lead had no effect on bone ash.
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PMID:The prevention of chick growth depression due to dietary lead by increased dietary calcium and phosphorus levels. 741 87


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