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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of sexual harassment as defined by the AMA among female family practice residents in the United States. Of all 1,802 U.S.FP female resident physicians surveyed, a total of 916, or 51%, completed a survey of which 32% reported unwanted sexual advances, 48% reported use of sexist teaching material, 66% reported favoritism based on gender, 36% reported poor evaluation based on gender, 37% reported malicious gossip, 5.3% reported punitive measures based on gender, and 2.2% reported sexual assault during residency. Thirty two percent of respondents reporting sexual harassment experienced negative effects including poor self-esteem, depression, psychological sequelae requiring therapy, and in some cases, transferring training programs. Sexual harassment is a common occurrence among family practice residents during residency training. Further studies are needed to examine the effect of sexual harassment policies instituted by the American Graduate Council on Medical Education on the prevalence of sexual harassment in medical training since the time of this study.
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PMID:The prevalence of sexual harassment among female family practice residents in the United States. 893 12

Sexual harassment of women in organizational settings has recently become a topic of interest to researchers and the general public alike. Although numerous studies document its frequency, the development of conceptual models identifying antecedents and consequences of harassment has proceeded at a slower pace. In this article, an empirical test of a recently proposed conceptual model is described. According to the model, organizational climate for sexual harassment and job gender context are critical antecedents of sexual harassment; harassment, in turn, influences work-related variables (e.g., job satisfaction); psychological states (e.g., anxiety and depression); and physical health. On the basis of a sample of women employed at a large, regulated utility company, the model's predictions were generally supported.
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PMID:Antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment in organizations: a test of an integrated model. 937 85

Women's health issues will be raised in the European Parliament in September, when members return from vacation. Nel van Dijk, Dutch Green party deputy, produced a report to the plenary for the assembly's Committee on Women's Rights; in the report, committee members urge action by the European Union (EU) and list recommendations for member-state governments. The report is in response to a publication by the European Commission, in May 1997, of a statistical survey developed from national data. The resolution by van Dijk urges EU-wide legalization of abortion in certain circumstances based on the final decision of the woman involved. In a motion for resolution by the Parliament, the committee was concerned that the Commission had dealt only summarily with the different situations regarding abortion in the member states and that it had not dealt with backstreet abortions. Originally, the report was slated for a session when attendance was poor, the closing Friday session before the July plenary's closing. Sufficient support was mustered from the floor of the assembly to move the report to an earlier point on the agenda; however, those opposed to the report managed to send it back to committee. Currently, the EU is acting on limited powers conferred by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty with regard to coordination of health policy in EU states. The van Dijk report details demands regarding EU research, information programs, and other initiatives concerning tampon-related toxic shock syndrome, osteoporosis, breast and cervical cancer, depression, hormonal treatments, female genital mutilation, and eating disorders. Sexual harassment and violence against women are also included; these are not covered by the Treaty. The report may be stalled indefinitely due to legislative business ahead of the June 1999 Euro-elections.
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PMID:Women's health issues cause controversy in European Union. 974 38

Universities and colleges have for a long time ignored sexual harassment, hoped it was non-existent or waited for it to disappear. Recently, however, students, professors and university administrators have begun to recognize the perniciousness and pervasiveness of the problem but thus far with little attention to sexual harassment as a health hazard. Based on data collected by questionnaire from 455 women university undergraduate and graduate students and nine follow-up in-depth interviews, this study examines the dimensions and dynamics of sexual harassment as a health hazard for women. Sexual harassment is found to have both direct and indirect health effects, including nausea and sleeplessness, loss of self-esteem, fear and anger, feelings of helplessness and isolation, as well as nervousness and depression. In contributing to the literature on women's culturally and socially determined health problems, this study sheds light on the ways in which women students' economic, political, social and personal well-being can be undermined by sexual harassment.
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PMID:Sexual harassment in academia: a hazard to women's health. 1006 5

Since the 1980s, informal or clandestine sex work in the service or entertainment industry has spread from municipalities to small towns in most areas of China. Despite recognition of the important role of female sex workers in HIV and STD epidemics in China, limited data are available regarding their individual characteristics and the social and environmental context of their work. Furthermore, most existing studies on commercial sex in China have been conducted in large cities or tourist attractions. Using data from 454 female sex workers in a rural Chinese county, the current study was designed to explore the individual profiles of commercial sex workers and to examine whether the profile and sexual risk behaviour differ by where the female sex workers came from and where they work. The sample in the current study was different from previous studies in a number of key individual characteristics. However, similarly to previous studies, the subjects in the current study were driven into commercial sex by poverty or limited employment opportunities, lived a stressful life, were subject to sexual harassment and related violence, and engaged in a number of health-compromising behaviours including behaviours that put them at risk of HIV/STD infection and depression. The findings of the current study underscore the urgent need for effective HIV/STD prevention, intervention and mental health promotion programs among female sex workers in China. The data in the current study suggest a strong association of individual profile with the economic conditions of work sites and residence status (in-province residency vs. out-of-province residency), which suggests that such efforts must take the social and cultural contextual factors of working environment (and sexual risks) into consideration.
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PMID:Profile of female sex workers in a Chinese county: does it differ by where they came from and where they work? 1827 Apr 99

The current investigation identified the gender-specific prevalence of sexual harassment and assault experienced during U.S. military service and the negative mental and physical health correlates of these experiences in a sample of former reservists. We surveyed a stratified random sample of 3,946 former reservists about their experiences during military service and their current health, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, somatic symptoms, and medical conditions. Prevalence estimates and confidence intervals of sexual harassment and assault were calculated. A series of logistic regressions identified associations with health symptoms and conditions. Both men and women had a substantial prevalence of military sexual harassment and assault. As expected, higher proportions of female reservists reported sexual harassment (60.0% vs 27.2% for males) and sexual assault (13.1% vs 1.6% for males). For both men and women, these experiences were associated with deleterious mental and physical health conditions, with sexual assault demonstrating stronger associations than other types of sexual harassment in most cases. This investigation is the first to document high instances of these experiences among reservists. These data provide further evidence that experiences of sexual harassment and assault during military service have significant implications for the healthcare needs of military veterans.
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PMID:Sexual harassment and assault experienced by reservists during military service: prevalence and health correlates. 1862 49

Sexual harassment has been investigated mostly in developed countries. The authors examined frequency rates and consequences of sexual harassment among female domestic workers in Brazil. Twenty-six percent had been sexually harassed at work during the past year. Live-in workers were at significantly greater risk for experiencing sexual harassment than those residing in their own homes, when controlling for participants' age, race, and social class. Women residing in their employers' residences used more alcohol and drugs than their counterparts. Harassed women had significantly higher self-esteem impairment and anxiety and depression than nonharassed women. Nonharassed women residing in their own homes had the best physical well-being. Concerning participants' worst sexually harassing experiences, the perpetrators were likely to be men (75%), who also engaged in more severe types of sexual harassment than female perpetrators. The emotional reactions to such incidents were significantly more negative when perpetrated by men than by women. Implications for foreign in-home workers employed by Europeans and North Americans are discussed.
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PMID:From the kitchen to the bedroom: frequency rates and consequences of sexual harassment among female domestic workers in Brazil. 1880 54

Sex differences and pretrauma functioning have been understudied in examinations of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PSS) and health. This study examined relationships between sexual harassment and assault in the military (MST), PSS, and perceived physical health when accounting for pre-MST PSS, pre-MST health, and current depression. Relationships were examined separately in 226 female and 91 male Marines endorsing recent MST (past 6 months). MST predicted increased PSS for women and especially men. For men, higher levels of MST were associated with worse perceived physical health, whereas for women, lower levels of MST were associated with worse perceived health. For men with MST, there was some evidence for the association being partially mediated by PSS, but no mediation was found in women.
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PMID:Sexual harassment in the Marines, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and perceived health: evidence for sex differences. 1917 91

This research describes interpersonal violence (IPV) exposure in a community-based sample of midlife women from three ethnic groups and explores relationships among these exposures and variables associated with health outcomes. IPV, physical health, depression, and social support were measured by self-report questionnaires. More than 33% reported a history of physical abuse or sexual abuse and at least 20% reported both. Approximately 20% experienced sexual harassment in the past year. IPV exposure was associated with more chronic health problems and depressive symptoms. IPV, whenever it occurs, is detrimental to women's health regardless of socioeconomic status or ethnicity.
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PMID:Interpersonal violence is associated with depression and chronic physical health problems in midlife women. 1936 25

Women serving in the military face many sources of stress, such as separation from home and family, sexual harassment and assault, and deployment to traumatic war zones. Some women are vulnerable to the effects of these stressors, resulting in deleterious mental and physical health outcomes. Understanding these risks through the theoretical model of allostasis can help identify those who will be most vulnerable and help healthcare providers prevent some negative outcomes and improve rehabilitation for some women when they return stateside. Women may be more likely than men to present with mental health problems such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after military service. They also may be at increased risk, based on their war-zone stress response, for disparate illness such as medically unexplained illness, cancer, and heart disease. The need for care for these women is expected to increase as more women are deployed to conflicts.
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PMID:Stress response in female veterans: an allostatic perspective. 1947 4


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