Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Early theorists described physical diseases (e.g., asthma, ulcers) thought to be associated with the inhibition of weeping (e.g., Alexander 1950), and catharsis theories (Breuer and Freud 1895/1955; Koestler 1964) postulated that unexpressed emotion accumulated as in a tank, and then overflowed as tears when a threshold level was exceeded. From a more biological perspective, it has been suggested that stress produces toxic chemicals in the body that become concentrated in the lacrimal gland and are released through weeping, restoring homeostasis (Frey 1985). As a result of these theories, psychotherapists tend to believe weeping is healthy for clients and that it serves to decrease depression (Trezza et al. 1988). While laboratory studies have typically not supported these ideas (e.g., Labott and Martin 1987, 1988), no studies have been performed on weeping specifically in the context of psychotherapy.
 ...
PMID:"If you love someone, you don't hurt them": a comprehensive process analysis of a weeping event in therapy. 155 70

After reviewing a group of more than 400 patients with parotid tumours, we feel that clinical examination, screening ultrasound scanning and pre-operative CT-scan are our most important diagnostic tools. Our treatment concept is based on direct posterior dissection of the main trunk of the facial nerve, total conservative parotidectomy with ablation of all glandular tissue especially in pleomorphic adenomas so that recurrency can be avoided, intra- and postoperative histological examination and filling in the post-operative soft tissue depression in all cases where intra-operative histological examination excludes malignancy. Primary post-parotidectomy defect substitution techniques using the platysma (Roscic) and the sternocleidomastoid muscle (Rausch) as well as a SMAS- and temporoparietal fascia- or galea-flap are illustrated. We currently use the combination of the Rauch- and Roscic- techniques in a way that a sternocleidomastoideus muscle rotation-flap together with a platysma-SMAS-fat-flap entirely cover the defect. We believe that the substitution-plasty, primarily performed for aesthetic reasons, acts as a mechanical barrier for the misdirected regeneration of the nervs to the skin and the sweat glands, and thus tends to avoid Frey's Syndrome. Using our technique concept, we feel that any disadvantage is counter-balanced by the absence of recurrences, no permanent facial paralysis, relatively good aesthetic results and lower incidence of Frey's Syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Current diagnosis and therapy of parotid tumours. 182 62

Parotidectomy may be associated with a significant depression in the retromandibular region and a significant incidence of gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome). Superiorly and inferiorly based sternocleidomastoid flaps and posterior plication of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system were evaluated for their ability to ameliorate both consequences. Sixteen patients with sternocleidomastoid flaps and 16 patients with superficial musculoaponeurotic system plication were compared to a control group of 104 patients. The incidence of Frey's syndrome was 47.1% in the control group, 12.5% (P = 0.025) in the sternocleidomastoid flap group, and 0% (P = 0.005) in the superficial musculoaponeurotic system plication group. The surgical techniques are described. The prevalence of Frey's syndrome is discussed with respect to age, sex, radiation therapy, and the type of parotidectomy performed. The indications and contraindications of the three surgical techniques are described.
 ...
PMID:Sternocleidomastoid muscle transfer and superficial musculoaponeurotic system plication in the prevention of Frey's syndrome. 203 Jun 39

The mechanisms underlying the relief of neuropathic pain of peripheral origin by spinal cord stimulation (SCS) are poorly understood. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of SCS on evoked and spontaneous discharges in dorsal horn neurons in intact and in nerve-injured rats subjected to partial sciatic nerve ligation according to Seltzer et al. (1990). Tactile sensitivity in the hind paw was assessed in behavioral tests using von Frey filaments. The presence of 'allodynia' was defined as a withdrawal response to a filament of 10 g or less. Under halothane/oxygen anesthesia the effects of SCS (50 Hz, 0.2 ms, 80-620 microA, 5 min.) on mechanically evoked (brush and innocuous press on the hind paw) responses and spontaneous discharges were investigated in wide-dynamic range (WDR) neurons in three groups of animals: (1) rats that displayed 'allodynia' after nerve ligation (2) rats without signs of 'allodynia' after surgery and (3) control, intact rats. A significantly increased frequency of spontaneous discharge and of responsiveness to brush and press was found in the group of allodynic, as compared with non-allodynic and control rats. The majority (63%) of the investigated neurons in these animals displayed afterdischarge in response to press stimulation. SCS induced a significant depression of both the principal response and the afterdischarge in allodynic rats: the discharge during brush stimulation was reduced to 86 +/- 8.2% and during press to 77.4 +/- 4.5% as compared with the prestimulation value. These depressive effects on evoked responses in allodynic rats outlasted SCS by 10.5 +/- 1.7 min during which time the responses gradually recovered. The frequency of spontaneous discharge was markedly decreased in approximately one third of the neurons, whereas in another third it was increased. In non-allodynic and control rats, SCS had no significant depressive effects on the evoked responses and spontaneous discharge. The results suggest that SCS may provide a suppressive action on dorsal horn neuronal hyperexcitability associated with signs of peripheral neuropathy. The suppressive effect of SCS on tactile allodynia, as previously observed in behavioral experiments, presumably corresponds to a normalization of the excitability of WDR cells in response to innocuous stimuli.
 ...
PMID:Spinal cord stimulation attenuates dorsal horn neuronal hyperexcitability in a rat model of mononeuropathy. 1006 68

The behaviour of rats with spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain was studied using tests developed to measure depression and anxiety. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were tested with the open field test, elevated plus maze, two compartment test and forced swimming test. Spontaneous motility was measured in a photocell observation box. Mechanical sensitivity was tested with von Frey hairs and cold sensitivity with the acetone drop test. The L5-6 spinal nerves were ligated or a sham operation was performed and the rats were followed for 2 weeks before the same set of tests were repeated. Most of the neuropathy operated rats had mechanical and cold allodynia. With post-injury there was a significant decrease in the activity in the open field test and motility box tests, when compared with the pre-injury results. In the elevated plus maze test there was a significant reduction in the motility, but there was no change in the time spent in the closed wings. In the two compartment test there were no significant differences between the pre- and post-injury results. There were no differences between the rats with spinal nerve ligation injury and the sham operated rats in any of the tests. The results were also comparable when rats that developed a high degree of neuropathy were compared with the rats with low degree of neuropathy and the sham operated group. In conclusion, spinal nerve ligation injury of the spinal nerves L5-6 induces mechanical and cold allodynia, but it does not seem to produce general suffering or measurable anxiety to the animals. Furthermore, tests for anxiety and depression were not able to predict which animals were vulnerable to express symptoms of neuropathic pain after nerve injury.
 ...
PMID:Behavioural measures of depression and anxiety in rats with spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathy. 1020 47

Enadoline is a highly selective and potent kappa-opioid receptor agonist. This report describes and compares the activities of enadoline and morphine in a rat model of postoperative pain. A 1 cm incision through the muscle and skin of the plantar surface of the right hind paw induced thermal hyperalgesia as well as static and dynamic allodynia lasting at least 2 days. Postoperative testing was carried out using the plantar test for thermal hyperalgesia, von Frey hairs for static allodynia and light stroking with a cotton bud for dynamic allodynia. A single i.v. dose of enadoline 15 min before surgery dose-dependently (1-100 microg/kg) blocked the development of thermal hyperalgesia as well as static and dynamic allodynia for over 24 h with respective MEDs of < or = 1, 10 and 10 microg/kg. The administration of enadoline (100 microg/kg, i.v.), 1 h after surgery, completely blocked the maintenance of the hyperalgesic and allodynic responses, but its duration of action was much shorter (2 h) than when administered before surgery. Previous studies have shown that administration of morphine (1-6 mg/kg, s.c.) 0.5 h before surgery can prevent the development of thermal hyperalgesia with a MED of < or =1 mg/kg, but it has little effect on static allodynia. In the present study similar administration of morphine (1-3 mg/kg), unlike enadoline, had no effect on the development of dynamic allodynia. Morphine dose-dependently (1-6 mg/kg, s.c.) potentiated isoflurane-induced sleeping time and respiratory depression in the rat. However, whilst enadoline also (1-1000 microg/kg, i.v.) potentiated isoflurane-induced sleeping time, it did not cause respiratory depression. It is suggested that enadoline may possess therapeutic potential as a pre-emptive antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic agent.
 ...
PMID:Enadoline, a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist shows potent antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic actions in a rat model of surgical pain. 1020 52

We re-examine the commonly held view that learning and memory necessarily require potentiation of synapses. A simple neuronal model of self-organized learning with no positive reinforcement is presented. The strongest synapses are selected for propagation of activity. Active synaptic connections are temporarily "tagged" and subsequently depressed if the resulting output turns out to be unsuccessful. Thus, all learning occurs by mistakes. The model operates at a highly adaptive state with low activity. Previously stored patterns may be swiftly retrieved when the environment and the demands of the brain change. The combined process of: (i) activity selection by extremal "winner-take-all" dynamics; and (ii) the subsequent weeding out of synapses may be viewed as synaptic Darwinism. We argue that all the features of the model are biologically plausible and discuss our results in light of recent experiments by Fitzsimonds et al. on back-propagation of long-term depression, by Xu et al. on facilitation of long-term depression in the hippocampus by behavioural stress, and by Frey and Morris on synaptic tagging.
 ...
PMID:Learning from mistakes. 1033 84

Over the last 15 years, a number of techniques have been developed that make it possible to treat benign parotid tumours surgically with virtually no morphofunctional sequelae. Given that the main objectives of the intervention are the complete removal of the lesion as well as isolation and preservation of the facial nerve and its branches, the authors recommend the following procedure: a face-lifting type of incision in order to disguise the cutaneous scar better; preservation of the posterior branch of the great auricular nerve, in order to maintain the sensitivity of the ear lobe; coverage of the residual defect by means of a flap composed of superficial and deep temporalis fascia in order to reduce the postoperative depression in the parotid region and the onset of Frey's syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Technical refinements in surgical treatment of benign parotid tumours. 1071 30

In 1990 the authors reported their preliminary study of the prevention of Frey's syndrome in 55 patients utilizing a superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) flap in parotid gland surgery. During the past 10 years, numerous studies have supported their original thesis that interposition of living tissue between the resected gland bed and the skin could prevent the development of this complication. The authors have expanded their own patient population and now consider this a definitive study on the prevention of Frey's syndrome. A total of 160 patients are presented with a follow-up period of 5 to 22 years. All patients underwent subtotal or total parotidectomy performed by one of the authors. A history was acquired and testing for Frey's syndrome (Minor's starch iodine test) was performed. As a result of this approach, and in spite of the intensive search for it, no cases of Frey's syndrome were encountered. The hoped-for secondary benefit of preventing the postparotidectomy retromandibular depression was somewhat less satisfactory, although most patients remain satisfied with their appearance. The debilitating symptoms in Frey's syndrome, which is reported to have an incidence of 5% to 50% in the typical parotidectomy patient, can be avoided with thoughtful preoperative planning. The authors favor an aesthetic incision followed by the development of an SMAS flap. The parotidectomy is then performed using the surgeon's preferred technique. The SMAS flap is then placed into the bed of the resected parotid gland. This institutes a protective tissue barrier guarding against the aberrant anastomotic communication between the postganglionic secretomotor fibers intended for the parotid gland, and the now adjacent sweat glands. Their patient population is large enough to provide significant evidence that Frey's syndrome can be prevented, compared with a meta-analysis of parotid patients in multiple other studies in the literature. Assuming the patient's history and pathology does not preclude its use, the SMAS flap should be considered the standard of care for preventing Frey's syndrome in the postparotidectomy patient. If the SMAS flap is not available, a temporoparietal fascial flap has proved to be a good alternative.
 ...
PMID:Prophylaxis against Frey's syndrome in parotid surgery. 1080 99

The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is of increasing interest in parotid surgery as a means of reducing the incidence of postoperative gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome) and improving cosmetic results. Between 1996 and 1998 the SMAS was dissected as a separate plane in 25 patients undergoing parotid surgery for a benign tumour or recurrent infection. After a minimal follow-up of 12 months, all patients were investigated for gustatory sweating and cosmetic appearance. All underwent the starch minor test to document the extent and intensity of postoperative sweating. In a previous publication we found a 43% incidence of Frey's syndrome after parotid surgery without SMAS dissection and starch minor tests were positive in all 23 patients. However, analysis of the current results in patients with SMAS dissection revealed an incidence of Frey's syndrome of only 20%, the results of starch minor tests being positive in 76% with a statistically highly significant (p = 0.006) decrease in extent and intensity. Cosmetic appearance was improved by reduction of the retromandibular depression. Dissection of the SMAS in parotid surgery is indicated in tumours not extending to the parotid capsula. It not only reduces the incidence of Frey's syndrome, but also improves the cosmetic result.
 ...
PMID:[Indications and effects of the SMAS in parotid surgery]. 1114 23


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>