Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The systematic assessment of subjective experience independently from its impact on schizophrenic's behavior is neglected in most structured interviews and symptoms rating scales. However, subjective complaints may predict outcome functioning, medication compliance, and future psychotic episodes and better reflects patients' well-being than does behavioral assessment. We demonstrate the reliability of the Subjective Deficit Syndrome Scale and the considerable prevalence of subjective complaints in 166 acute and chronic inpatients and outpatients. Complaints were correlated with global measures of psychopathology in acute but not chronic patients. They were not correlated with negative symptoms or neurological side effects. Some overlap was observed with measures of depression, although most patients denied depressed mood. We conclude that subjective deficits are prevalent in schizophrenia, that they can be reliably assessed, and that they constitute an independent, clinically important dimension of the disease.
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PMID:The measurement of subjective experience in schizophrenia: the Subjective Deficit Syndrome Scale. 234 Jul 16

To characterize type and age distribution of malnutrition and to determine the usefulness of anthropometric indices in children with chronic liver disease (CLD), 56 children (aged 1 mo-10 y) with CLD underwent anthropometric evaluation when they were clinically stable. Mean-height Z score was depressed, whereas mean-weight Z score was closer to normal and mean-weight/height Z score was normal in patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia, idiopathic neonatal hepatitis, and other liver disorders. Patients with arteriohepatic dysplasia showed more severe depression of all three variables. In all patients, triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness Z scores were significantly more depressed than were weight/height Z scores. Depressions of midarm-circumference and midarm-muscle-area Z scores were intermediate. Mean-head-circumference Z score was depressed in children aged less than 24 mo. We conclude that acute (wasting) and chronic (stunting) malnutrition are common in childhood CLD and that weight/height values underestimate the degree of acute malnutrition compared with TSF thickness, most likely because of the inflated patient weight caused by organomegaly.
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PMID:Anthropometric evaluation of children with chronic liver disease. 237 85

The consequences of altered immuno-competence resulting from anaesthesia and surgery are potentially hazardous to the patient with malignant disease. Malnutrition also produces reduction in cell mediated immunity, a condition which is commonly incurred in patients with neoplastic disorders. Numerous agents have been claimed to stimulate the immune responses but few have proved to be of practical value. This paper reports the use variously of protease inhibitors, using Aprotinin, and post operative nutritional therapy, following major surgical resection for carcinoma - specifically as regards their influence on parameters believed to relate to cell mediated immunity. No clinical, metabolic or immunologic benefit was identified from either method of post operative stimulation of cell mediated immunity, although this study did confirm post operative depression of these parameters. The significance of these changes is unclear but there is no evidence to support an immunological mechanism for either of these approaches being of benefit in clinical practice.
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PMID:Post operative stimulation of cell mediated immunity. 241 48

The neuroendocrinology of bulimia nervosa has only recently been investigated, with initial research suggesting some biological overlap with both anorexia nervosa (AN) and depression. Similarities among AN, depression, and bulimia include a nonsuppressed Dexamethasone Suppression Test and an abnormal growth hormone (GH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Bulimics and anorectics both tend to have a delayed thyrotropin (TSH) response to TRH and elevated basal GH levels. Bulimics, however, have a normal GH response to clonidine, a nonblunted TSH response to TRH, low basal prolactin (PRL) levels, and may have an exaggerated PRL response to TRH. Unpublished data suggest bulimics may have a gonadotropin profile distinct from either AN or depression, as well as a variety of other endocrinopathies. Although many of these abnormalities may reflect malnutrition despite normal weight, other factors that are as yet unidentified are likely to be contributing to the neuroendocrine abnormalities seen in bulimia.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine profile in bulimia nervosa. 252 54

Burn injury-induced changes at the neuromuscular junction include muscle weakness and altered response to neuromuscular blocking drugs. Protein malnutrition and sepsis can concomitantly occur with burn trauma. The role of pure malnutrition or sepsis, in the absence of burn injury, in inducing neuromuscular changes was studied in the mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Additionally, cAMP levels in muscle were evaluated to reflect metabolic activity. Sepsis was studied using doses of endotoxin at one-fourth or one-third the dose evoking 50% lethality. Diets of 5% protein and 5% protein + 35% fiber achieved protein and protein/calorie malnutrition, respectively. In each model neuromuscular function was evaluated by maximal tension developed. Pharmacologic responses were measured through effective dose to paralyze active tension by either 50 or 95%. Protein and protein/calorie malnutrition leading to an approximate 8% body weight loss caused a depression of maximal tension developed; this depression in tension was associated with a 10-fold increase in cAMP levels. Effective doses of d-tubocurarine for twitch inhibition during malnutrition were not significantly different from controls. Sepsis at 2 weeks caused an approximate 8% body weight loss, a significant decrease in maximal tension and at least a 3- to 5-fold shift to the right in dose-response curves to d-tubocurarine. In contrast to malnutrition, cAMP levels were significantly decreased (P less than .001) in sepsis to 1/400 of controls. The altered neuromuscular function and pharmacology observed in sepsis are similar to changes observed in burn injury. Protein malnutrition common to these two states may be important in functional but not pharmacological changes at the neuromuscular junction.
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PMID:Intraperitoneal endotoxin but not protein malnutrition shifts d-tubocurarine dose-response curves in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. 254 58

Adolescent mothers and their offspring are a high risk group both physically and emotionally. Poverty, malnutrition, complications of pregnancy, and emotional problems such as depression, drug, and alcohol use, are all risks for the mother. Children are also at greater risk of physical, cognitive, and emotional problems. Therefore, it is important to identify factors which influence the outcome of adolescent mothers and their children in order to suggest interventions which will more positively affect the physical and psychological health of this increasing population. Hechtman draws the following conclusions: 1) There is no single cause for the rising rate of adolescent pregnancy, but rather a combination of factors. These can generally be grouped under biological factors, societal factors, personal attitude/needs, ignorance/misunderstanding concerning sexual matters, and problems inherent in modern contraceptive methods. 2) The consequences of pregnancy on the adolescent are multiple and can be divided into health, economic, and emotional outcomes. 3) The effects on the child who results from the adolescent pregnancy can be subdivided under physical health, cognitive, behavioral and emotional effects. 4) Early sex education programs which combine education with family planning or counselling, and readily available inexpensive contraception and abortion would do much to decrease the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy.
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PMID:Teenage mothers and their children: risks and problems: a review. 267 Jan 80

Factors influencing the depression of natural killer (NK) activity and its prevention were studied in 57 esophageal cancer patients. NK activity off peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured by a 51Cr-release assay against K-562 target cells. NK activity in esophageal cancer patients was significantly lower than that in healthy individuals and tended to be lower compared with those in stomach and colon cancer patients. The depression of NK activity was significantly correlated with the reduction of serum albumin level, creatinine height index of nutritional assessment. The activity was also suppressed in proportion to the size of cancer and its staging. Both preoperative radiation and surgery markedly depressed NK activity. Postoperative depression recovered to the Preoperative level 4 weeks after operation. These results indicated that malnutrition, cancer bearing and therapeutic stress were associated with the depression of NK activity. As the preventive measures against such depression of NK activity, avoidance of preoperative radiation and better selection for two-stage operation enhanced recovery of the depressed NK activity. Furthermore, the preoperative administration of OK-432, as n immuno-activator, could be effective to minimize a decrease of NK activity related to radiation and surgery, and to accelerate its recovery to the level before treatment.
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PMID:[Factors influencing depression of natural killer activity and its prevention in esophageal cancer patients]. 270 63

Demographic developments in the Federal Republic of Germany indicate a future marked increase in the aged population. With this, there will be an increase in elderly patients. Malnutrition can contribute to disease as well as result from it. While most urgent nutritional problems of the population in general reside in the areas of increased intakes of energy and certain nutrients, nutritional deficiencies are frequent in older citizens, and in particular, geriatric patients. These deficiencies may result from psycho-social factors such as isolation, depression, or chronic brain failure, as well as from clinical factors (diseases which increase nutritional requirements or utilization of nutrients, drug/nutrient-interactions, etc.). The following questions are addressed: 1) How frequent is malnutrition in geriatric patients and which forms of malnutrition can be found? 2) What are the causes of malnutrition? 3) What is the relationship between malnutrition and mortality? 4) Which strategies for prevention and treatment of malnutrition can be developed from the above findings? The study is performed in Bethanien-Hospital, Heidelberg, FRG, a geriatric hospital and day clinic. Three hundred patients aged 75 years or older (representative sample) were included. Nutrition and nutritional status are determined and related to health, drug therapy and other psycho-social conditions in the very old. The prospective part of the study is planned for 18 months and this will also be the duration of the intervention phase.
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PMID:[Malnutrition in geriatric patients: the Bethanien nutritional study]. 278 36

Cysteine is required for the synthesis of cosubstrates for two pathways of acetaminophen metabolism: 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) for sulfation and glutathione (GSH) for detoxification of the reactive metabolite (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, NAPQI). Dietary deficiency of cysteine may reduce hepatic production of PAPS and GSH and thereby reduce metabolism of the drug (by sulfation and detoxification of NAPQI) and hence lead to potentiation of acetaminophen liver injury. Conversely, limitation of sulfur-containing amino acids could result in depression of protein synthesis and hepatic cytochrome P450 levels, and hence in decreased reactive metabolite formation and decreased liver injury. To determine whether the potentiating effects exceed the protective effects, rats were fed isocaloric AIN-76 liquid diets containing various levels of methionine as the sole source of sulfur in the diet for 3 weeks prior to administration of acetaminophen. Sulfur deficiency was assessed by measuring urinary inorganic sulfate levels. Sulfur-deficient diets retarded growth but did not affect nitrogen balance. Sulfur-deficient animals had lower basal levels of hepatic GSH. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that at low doses of acetaminophen (20 mg/kg), animals fed sulfur-deficient diets metabolized the drug more slowly due to a markedly reduced sulfation capacity, whereas at the high dose of acetaminophen (400 mg/kg), rats that were fed sulfur-deficient diets had a higher clearance of the drug than rats that were fed the complete diet. The increase in clearance was due largely to an enhanced glucuronidation capacity and an enhanced P450-dependent oxidation as indicated by mercapturate formation. Histologic studies revealed that rats fed sulfur-deficient diets showed increases in both incidence and severity of acetaminophen hepatic necrosis. Thus, the potentiating effects exceeded the protective effects. These observations raise the possibility that nutritional inadequacy of sulfur-containing amino acids which could occur during protein malnutrition may similarly enhance susceptibility to acetaminophen liver injury in humans.
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PMID:Effects of sulfur-amino acid-deficient diets on acetaminophen metabolism and hepatotoxicity in rats. 281 88

Neuroendocrine abnormalities in depression have been regarded, by many authors, as relatively specific markers of nosological subtypes of the disorder, e.g. primary vs. secondary, endogenous vs. non-endogenous or unipolar vs. bipolar depression. They should reflect the same changes in central neurotransmitters (e.g. noradrenergic insufficiency and/or cholinergic hyperactivity) that were hypothesized as the cause of clinical symptoms. This view is challenged on the basis of our own neuroendocrine investigations in 317 psychiatric patients and 103 normal controls. According to these studies the abnormalities are nosologically rather unspecific. They are induced by a large variety of factors, e.g. emotional stress associated with the clinical symptomatology, weight loss due to malnutrition as a consequence of reduced appetite, medication and drug withdrawal. Stress-induced hypercortisolism appears to be the most common abnormality that may trigger other neuroendocrine dysfunctions, such as a blunted TSH response to TRH. Differences in neuroendocrine abnormalities of depressives are probably due to variations in the manifold factors influencing the hormonal axes involved, to temporal changes in hormonal patterns (e.g. one abnormality triggering another) and to individual differences in the basic activity and the responsiveness of the various axes.
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PMID:The nature of neuroendocrine abnormalities in depression: a controversial issue in contemporary psychiatry. 288 Mar 46


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