Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Divided into four groups according to different kind and cause of disorder, 240 patients showing psychosomatic disorders have been treated with chlorazepate dipotassium only or in combination with clomipramine and dihydroergotamine tartrate ambulant or in hospital, depending on the degree of severity of the disorder. With 101 clinically treated cases of cyclothymic depression good results were obtained with combined treatment with chlorazepate dipotassium while reducing the dose of the antidepressant. The same result was obtained with 63 patients suffering from severe neurasthenic exhaustion and 13 patients with general neurodystonic symptoms treated with chlorazepate dipotassium only. The combination of the usual dihydroergotamine tartrate medication with a chlorazepate dipotassium treatment over several months showed longlasting good therapeutic results, confirmed by follow-up examinations, in 31 out of 40 cases with migraine respectively vasomotor headache. In the other nine patients with migraine the complaints persisted only in rare instances.
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PMID:[The role of chlorazepate dipotassium (Tranxilium) in the therapy of psychosomatic syndromes (author's transl)]. 5 67

Forty-four cases of odontalgia are described which are considered to be a painful migraine-like disturbance of the blood vessels of the dental pulp and periodontal membrane. The condition appears to be a manifestation of depression and other personality disorders and responds well to antidepressant drug therapy (75 per cent of the patients). The recognition and proper management of this atypical ondontalgia is of crucial importance in preventing unnecessary surgery.
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PMID:Atypical odontalgia. 28 23

In a double-blind study the therapeutic effect and tolerance of pizotifen was compared with placebo in 20 outpatients of both sexes suffering from light to moderate depression. Pizotifen seems to possess certain antidepressive effects in dosages of 4-10 mg daily. These properties, and the well-documented effect of pizotifen in migraine, could make it an alternative in treating patients suffering from the often seen combination of vascular headache/depression.
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PMID:Pizotifen as an antidepressant. 33 88

Steroid hormones, i.e., corticosteroids, estrogens, androgens and progestogens are formed in the adrenal cortex, male gonads, and the female placenta. Relatively little is known of their influence on behavior and their neuroendocrine function. On the cellular level, the rate of increase of RNA message to produce albumen and avidin is directly proportionate to the presence of steroids and their amount. Corticosteroid receptors are found in the thymus, liver, spleen and heart. The brain has receptors both for the corticosteroids and the sex hormones. These receptors are scattered throughout different regions of the brain, but the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasome is found only in the pituitary which accounts for its role in stopping the secretion of ACTH. Testosterone undergoes metabolic changes in the brain, affecting behavior. The A chain undergoes an enzyme reduction to 5aDHT and androstandiol. Following enzyme changes, the A chain of male testosterone can become female estradiol. Laboratory tests prove that sexual behavior in males is affected only by those androgens that can convert to estrogens, while in females it is dependent on the conversion of testosterone to estrogen. Lately psychiatrists have become very interested in the catechol estrogens, fairly new metabolites of estradiol which are produced in the hypothalamus and contain 2 hydroxyl groups (as compared with the 1 hydroxyl in estrogens). Catechol estrogens block estradiol receptors, behaving like antiestrogens. Researchers are investigating the possibility of signaling the desired neural messages without the concomitant effects that estrogen produces, through using catechol estrogens. They are examining this natural derivative of estradiol which may affect among others: sexual behavior, maturity, depression, migraines, and epileptic seizures.
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PMID:[Steroid hormones and the activity of the central nervous system]. 38 16

The possibility that epileptic seizures and classic migraine episodes may occur in the same patient is discussed. The probable relationship between the neurophysiological mechanisms which underlie both types of attacks has not yet been agreed upon. The case of a young man who suffered from classic migraine and who presented two convulsive epileptic attacks, preceded by visual aura is described. The EEG showed an epileptogenic occipito-temporal focus which corresponded to the region of the scotoma origin. A possible connection between scotoma in migraine and epileptic discharge is discussed. It is proposed that spreading depression, as the basis of the migraine prodomata, was preceded by a moment of intense neuronal excitation which changed the epileptic intercritical activity into a critical one.
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PMID:Possible interference between migrainous and epileptic mechanisms in intercalated attacks. Case report. 45 90

This is the common "tension" or "nervous" headache. It is extracranial in origin, and is often precipitated by anxiety or depression. The headache is usually bilateral, nonpulsatile and of longer duration than migraine, with no focal signs or symptoms. While aspirin remains the most practical and useful analgesic for head pain of low intensity, combination agents are useful and drugs to control anxiety associated with headache are appropriate.
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PMID:Muscle contraction headache. 49 93

100 consecutively referred school-age children were evaluated for learning or behavior disorders. 45 children had one of three classical neurological syndromes of epilepsy, sensorineural deafness, or childhood migraine. The 26 children with epilepsy required medication adjustment to improve behavior or learning. Operational criteria for childhood depression, specific learning disability, developmental hyperactivity, and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome were used to establish the correct diagnosis in 55 children. 32 children had a single diagnosis, while 23 children fulfilled the criteria of two diagnostic categories. The diagnostic categorization permitted specific counseling of the child and family, development of a proper school program, and correct pharmacotherapy (when indicated).
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PMID:Use of operational criteria in an office practice for diagnosis of children referred for evaluation of learning or behavior disorders. 50 49

Diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol, of psychological state, and of pain was measured for two days in 25 migraine patients and eight control subjects. Fourteen of the migraine patients and none of the controls displayed either consistently high plasma cortisol or an occasional aberrant peak. Abnormal psychological findings, particularly depression, were found in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory only in migraine patients with abnormal plasma cortisol levels. Neither psychological abnormality nor pain seemed the single cause of elevation of plasma cortisol.
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PMID:Circadian rhythms of plasma cortisol in migraine. 57 80

This study describes rates and patterns of new drug introductions in the U.S. and Britain from January, 1972, through December, 1976, updating an earlier study that described the patterns over the previous decade. This comparative international approach enables overall effects of different regulatory, industrial, and other types of changes in drug research and development in the two countries to be evaluated. Numerical differences persisted. In the 1972 to 1976 period, 82 new drugs appeared for the first time in either country. Only 29% of these became mutually available in both countries, 2.4 times as many becoming available first in Britain as in the U.S. Of the 71% that became exclusively available, 2.6 times as many became available in Britain as in the U.S. More important than numerical data are clinical implications of differences between the countries. The largest differences have narrowed since the previous study, but important categories in which the U.S. still lagged behind Britain in December, 1976, included cardiovascular drugs, peptic ulcer drugs, and central nervous system drugs--including therapies for depression, epilepsy, and migraine. Several factors contributed to the narrowing of U.S.--British therapeutic differences, including more realistic regulatory practices and higher quality clinical studies in the U.S., more conservative practices in Britain, attention drawn by previous studies to anachronisms in the U.S., and industrial changes such as more efficient penetration of the U.S. market by foreign firms. It is difficult to determine the relative contribution of each of these factors to the narrowing of the international difference.
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PMID:The drug lag revisited: comparison by therapeutic area of patterns of drugs marketed in the United States and Great Britain from 1972 through 1976. 69 75

Central panalgesia is a syndrome which includes systemic pains of a central nature, usually classified as hysteria, fibrositis and masked depression. Exploration of the peripheral neuromuscular junctions (in the iris by pupillometry, and in veins by computerized venotest) indicates an increased monoamine receptor sensitivity. 5-HT vein sensitivity is particularly impressive (up to 1,000 times). In the vein there appears to be a decentralization supersensitivity, as it is extended to different monoamines (5-HT, dopamine, noradrenaline, tyramine). This type of supersensitivity is compatible with the theory of a deficiency of neurotransmitters at the level of the anti-nociceptive and integrated systems, with subsequent central and peripheral supersensitivity. A similar condition limited to the rostral section of the anti-nociceptive system is valid for the mechanism of idiopathic headache including migraine: central and peripheral supersensitivity to monoamines and opiates is also episodically observed in headache sufferers.
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PMID:Decentralization supersensitivity in headache and central panalgesia. 72 53


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