Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The study investigated the psychological health level and related psychosocial factors of nurses. Through cluster sampling, 650 clinical nurses, who come from 5 city hospitals in Changsha, were interviewed with the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90), The Life Event Scale, Type A Behavior Questionnaire, and The Social Support Rating Scale. The results indicated that subjects' average symptom score and most factor scores of SCL-90 were significantly higher than that of the chinese norm. Somatization, depression, and obsession are common psychological problems of the clinical nurses, and the psychological health level of middle age group was significantly lower than that of other groups. Regression analysis (both single factor and multiple factors) suggested that TH and CH scores on Type A Questionnaire as well as life event score on the life event score were negatively related to psychological health level while social support score was positively related to it. The influences of psychosocial factors on psychological health level of clinical nurses were discussed.
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PMID:[Psychological health level and related psychosocial factors of nurses in Changsha]. 932 33

The history of "nondisease" dates back, at least 4000 years, to early descriptions of hysteria. More recently somatization became a part of the official diagnostic nomenclature by creation of the DSM III category, "somatoform disorders." Somatization can serve as a rationalization for psychosocial problems or as a coping mechanism, and for some illness, becomes a way of life. One variation of somatization can be the "fashionable diagnosis", for example, fibromyalgia, multiple chemical sensitivities, dysautonomia, and, in the past, "reactive hypoglycemia". These disorders are phenomenologically related to environmental or occupational syndromes and mass psychogenic illness. Fashionable illnesses are characterized by (i) vague, subjective multisystem complaints, (ii) a lack of objective laboratory findings, (iii) quasi-scientific explanations, (iv) overlap from one fashionable diagnosis to another, (v) symptoms consistent with depression or anxiety or both, (vi) denial of psychosocial distress or attribution of it to the illness. Fashionable diagnoses represent a heterogeneous collection of physical diseases, somatization, and anxiety or depression. They are final common symptomatic pathways for a variety of influences including environmental factors, intrapersonal distress and solutions to social problems. A fashionable diagnosis allows psychosocial distress to be comfortably hidden from both the patient and the physician, but premature labeling can also mask significant physical disease. Hysteria remains alive and well and one contemporary hiding place is fashionable illness.
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PMID:Somatization and fashionable diagnoses: illness as a way of life. 945 62

This 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of venlafaxine as first-line therapy for the treatment of major depression and major depression associated with anxiety in 384 adult outpatients. Fixed total daily dosages of 75, 150, and 200 mg of venlafaxine were administered in a twice-a-day regimen. Primary efficacy parameters were the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) total score, the HAM-D Depressed Mood Item, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale total score, and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale. Overall, a higher percentage of patients responded to venlafaxine than to placebo. Efficacy data indicated a dose-related response, most evident in the onset of clinical improvement; statistically significant improvements in some primary parameters were seen as early as 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of treatment, especially in the 150-and 200-mg/day groups. These dose-related clinical improvements continued through week 12. Venlafaxine-treated patients who had depression associated with anxiety showed significant dose-related improvements compared with placebo-treated patients; improvement was noted by scores on the HAM-D Anxiety-Psychic Item and Anxiety-Somatization Factor. Few clinically significant changes were observed in laboratory values, vital signs, or electrocardiogram tracings. Venlafaxine was generally well tolerated at all dosages. The most common study events included nausea, dizziness, somnolence, insomnia, dry mouth, and asthenia, which are consistent with findings of previous studies. The current study demonstrated that 75 to 200 mg/day of venlafaxine twice daily produced a dose-related improvement in the primary efficacy parameters and in the onset of significant antidepressant effects, which was noted at weeks 1 to 2 with the highest dosage tested (200 mg/day). The study also demonstrated that these dosages of venlafaxine were safe and effective as first-line therapy for major depression and depression associated with anxiety.
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PMID:The use of venlafaxine in the treatment of major depression and major depression associated with anxiety: a dose-response study. Venlafaxine Investigator Study Group. 947 38

Venlafaxine is the first member of a novel class of antidepressants that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. Clinical trials of venlafaxine have demonstrated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of patients diagnosed with major depression. Because patients who have depression also often have anxiety, recent investigations have focused on determining whether venlafaxine can relieve symptoms of anxiety in depressed patients. We performed a pooled analysis of six short-term trials of venlafaxine, retrospectively measuring anxiety in anxious depressed patients using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Anxiety/Somatization factor and Anxiety Psychic item scores. Three studies were placebo-controlled, and three were placebo- and active-drug-controlled; active controls were imipramine in two trials and trazodone in the third trial. Patients were categorized as having anxiety accompanying depression if baseline HAM-D Anxiety Psychic item scores were 2 or greater. Anxious depressed patients treated with venlafaxine showed greater improvement than those treated with placebo beginning at week 3, according to the HAM-D Anxiety/Somatization factor score, and beginning at week 1, according to the Anxiety Psychic item score. Both effects were maintained at week 6 of treatment (and at week 12 in the one study of longer duration). Finally, treatment with venlafaxine resulted in a highly significant (p < or = 0.001) improvement in depression scores in patients who were anxious at baseline, compared with placebo-treated patients. The results of this analysis demonstrate that venlafaxine is more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms of anxiety in depressed patients and suggest that venlafaxine may afford a monotherapy option for treating patients who have a comorbid diagnosis of depression with anxiety.
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PMID:A meta-analysis of the effects of venlafaxine on anxiety associated with depression. 955 99

The present study evaluated the quality of life (QOL) of adult cirrhotic patients before orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), the effect of OLT on QOL in the long-term and the effect of HCV recurrence within medical complications on QOL. Three groups of patients were studied: 19 pre-OLT, 33 during the first year post-OLT and 41 1 to 5 years post-OLT. The patients completed questionnaires on QOL and underwent liver function tests, immunosuppressive drug blood level determinations and medical complications evaluation. Somatization and depression and anxiety scores improved significantly during the first year post-OLT compared with pre-OLT, but they worsened again during the 1-5-year period post-OLT. Physical functioning and life satisfaction scores improved significantly during the first year post-OLT completed with pre-OLT and the improvement persisted 1-5-year during the period post-OLT. Patients with HCV recurrence compared with patients without HCV recurrence during the first year post-OLT showed a significant worsening of most of the domains of QOL. In conclusion, OLT improved most of the domains of QOL by the end of the first post-transplant year, though the improvements did not all persist in the long-term. Recurrence of HCV infection plays a major role in the impairment of QOL after OLT.
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PMID:The effect of recurrence of HCV infection of life after liver transplantation. 966 41

A sample of 226 drug-dependent individuals consecutively admitted to treatment in the major therapeutic programmes in Greece were assessed at intake with the EuropASI and SCL-90-R. At 4 to 6 weeks, 173 who were continuing treatment were reassessed with the SCL-90-R and interviewed with the SCID-R and the CIDI. Mean age of the subjects was 28 years, and 82.3% were male. Heroin was the main substance of abuse for the large majority (89.8%). Prevalence of AXIS II personality disorders (PD) was 59.5% and the majority (61.2%) had more than one PD. Cluster B was diagnosed in almost half of the subjects (48.6%), Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) being the most prevalent (33.5%) type of PD. Subjects with APD had an earlier age of initiation of illicit drug use than those without. Subjects with a PD had twice the odds of having a comorbid AXIS I diagnosis and three times the odds of having a mood disorder than those without a PD. SCL-90-R assessments showed that psychiatric symptoms were significantly reduced in the period between intake and the fourth week in treatment. Somatization, Depression and Anxiety symptoms were however less reduced in subjects with a PD than in those without PD. Dropping out from treatment was more strongly predicted by AXIS I than AXIS II disorders, with an increased probability of dropping out in the presence of current mood disorders, whereas current anxiety disorder predicted treatment retention.
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PMID:Personality disorders in drug abusers: prevalence and their association with AXIS I disorders as predictors of treatment retention. 980 20

Somatization is a common medical problem encountered at all levels of medical care. It is strongly associated with use of services and may be difficult to treat. Somatization in the elderly has been traditionally seen as a masked presentation of depression. Population studies have shown no consistent increase in somatization among the elderly, and the elderly may down-play physical symptoms. Among the elderly depressed, somatization is common and may be commoner if physical illness is also present. Psychological distress is usually acknowledged, not masked, in the elderly depressed. Neuroticism, as well as psychiatric illness, may be an important aetiological factor for somatization in the elderly. Treatment strategies must attend to underlying psychiatric disorders, but there is a need for studies of treatment of the phenomenon in the elderly.
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PMID:Review: Somatization in the elderly. 1060 72

The relationship between boredom proneness and health-symptom reporting was examined. Undergraduate students (N = 200) completed the Boredom Proneness Scale and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. A multiple analysis of covariance indicated that individuals with high boredom-proneness total scores reported significantly higher ratings on all five subscales of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (Obsessive-Compulsive, Somatization, Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Depression). The results suggest that boredom proneness may be an important element to consider when assessing symptom reporting. Implications for determining the effects of boredom proneness on psychological- and physical-health symptoms. as well as the application in clinical settings, are discussed.
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PMID:Boredom proneness: its relationship to psychological- and physical-health symptoms. 1066 77

Among 250 adolescents in a short-term residential treatment program for chemical dependency, 20% had attempted suicide in the two years prior to admission. Females, however, were found to have a higher attempt rate than did males. Suicide attempters were compared with a group of 50 nonsuicidal adolescents from the same treatment program and 50 non-chemically dependent, nonsuicidal high school students. Each adolescent was administered the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and a biographical history was obtained. The suicidal group was found to be more psychologically distressed than were the other two groups. Post hoc analysis revealed that there were significant differences between the chemically dependent groups (suicidal, nonsuicidal) on the Global Severity Index of the SCL-90-R, as well as the following subscales: Somatization, Depression, Anxiety, and Phobic Anxiety. It was also found that the majority of suicidal gestures or attempts had gone untreated beyond medical management. It was found that only 28% of the suicide attempters had received crisis intervention or emergency room treatment, and only 27% had received some type of follow-up treatment or counseling. These results are discussed, particularly in regard to the issue of "covert suicide."
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PMID:Suicidal behavior in chemically dependent adolescents. 1073 Jun 97

Somatization symptoms are frequently associated with depression, anxiety, and feelings of distress. These features interact with the activity of the HPA-axis. Therefore we investigated relationships between somatization symptoms and cortisol. Seventy-seven participants were classified into three groups: somatization syndrome (at least eight physical symptoms from the DSM-IV somatization disorder list), somatization syndrome combined with major depression, and healthy controls. The following data were collected: salivary cortisol at three time points (morning, afternoon, evening), nighttime urinary cortisol, serum cortisol after the dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and psychological variables such as depression, anxiety, somatization, and hypochondriasis. Salivary cortisol showed typical diurnal variations. However, the groups did not differ on any of the cortisol variables. A possible explanation may be counteracting effects of somatization and depression. Exploratory correlational analyses revealed that associations between cortisol and psychopathological variables were time-dependent. DST results correlated with psychological aspects of somatization, but not with the number of somatoform symptoms per se.
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PMID:Cortisol and somatization. 1087 62


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