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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to identify parent and family characteristics related to juvenile firesetting and antisocial behavior among severely disturbed children. Hospitalized children (ages 6-12) identified as firesetters (n = 27) and non-firesetters (n = 27) were compared in terms of parental psychopathology, dyadic adjustment, and family environment. To separate the impact of conduct disorder in contributing to group differences, diagnosis and firesetting status were separated in the data analyses. The results indicated that parents of firesetters showed significantly greater dysfunction in terms of psychiatric symptoms, and higher levels of depression, and reported lower levels of affectional expression, consensus, and overall adjustment in their dyadic relationships. The findings suggest that among a clinical sample, specific parent and marital characteristics delineate firesetters. The contribution of parental and marital influences to antisocial behavior more generally and the need to focus specifically on firesetting in relation to these variables are discussed.
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PMID:Parent psychopathology and family functioning among childhood firesetters. 372 26

A comparison was made of demographic and clinical variables between 481 children aged 15 or less who exhibited symptomatic depression and 147 children who had this symptom and who also had suicidal ideas. Suicidal ideation was associated with disturbed, hostile intrafamilial relationships. It was also associated with age in girls. Significantly, experiences of loss were associated with symptomatic depression rather than with suicidal ideation per se. No specific psychiatric, emotional, or conduct disorder symptoms were found to differentiate between the two groups. Similarly, extrafamilial and social characteristics were not differentiating features. The children with suicidal ideation had no more disturbance of peer relationships or social withdrawal than did their nonsuicidal depressed counterparts and may not, therefore, be readily identifiable by teachers or other responsible adults. Clinical management of potentially suicidal children needs to encompass symptomatic treatment of depression and amelioration of adverse family interactions.
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PMID:Symptomatic depression and suicidal ideation. A comparative study with 628 children. 374 78

The risk of psychiatric illness among the offspring of probands with major depression and secondary alcoholism was examined. The offspring aged 6-17 (N = 107) and 18 + (N = 171) of probands with major depression (114 with depression only and 19 with secondary alcoholism) were compared with the offspring aged 6-17 (N = 87) and 18 + (N = 103) of controls (N = 82). Offspring of probands with secondary alcoholism had a threefold greater risk of alcoholism and a fivefold greater risk of antisocial personality-conduct disorder compared with offspring of probands with depression only, and a threefold greater risk of alcoholism and a 20-fold greater risk of antisocial personality-conduct disorder compared with offspring of controls. Familial aggregation of alcoholism was observed only among probands with secondary alcoholism. The presence of secondary alcoholism in depressed probands did not convey additional increase in risk of either major depression or anxiety disorders to offspring beyond that observed among offspring of probands with depression only. This suggests that depression and alcoholism are not alternate forms of expression of the same underlying illness. Assortative mating for alcoholism among parents was related to increased risk of both alcoholism and antisocial personality-conduct disorder but not of major depression among offspring. A linear effect on rates of these disorders according to the number of parents with alcoholism was observed.
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PMID:Depressives with secondary alcoholism: psychiatric disorders in offspring. 401 Feb 95

As systematic interviewing has become more widespread, it has been possible to identify significant populations of children and adolescents who meet adult criteria for depression. The difficulties associated with identifying correctly the phenomenology of major depression in children are reviewed. The significance of separation anxiety, anorexia, attention deficit and conduct disorder, as 'depressive equivalents' is discussed, although a change in mood or ability to experience pleasure appear to carry greater diagnostic weight. While the identification of mania and hence of bipolar disorder in children is more difficult, the appearance of a definite maniac syndrome in preadolescence is relatively uncommon. Data are reviewed suggesting the existence of an alternative and more common form of bipolar disorder in childhood, characterized by affective lability, irritability and explosive behavior. However, available data do not support the view that attention deficit disorder and 'emotionally unstable character disorder' are variants of bipolar syndromes.
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PMID:Classification issues of bipolar disorders in childhood. 644 29

This investigation examined the agreement between children and their parents on measures of depression and aggression. A total of 120 inpatient children (ages 7-13) and their mothers and fathers independently completed self-report and interview measures that focused on the children's dysfunction. Children and their parents differed in their ratings of each symptom area, with children providing significantly less severe ratings than their parents. Children who met DSM III criteria for major depression or conduct disorder were significantly higher in their ratings of depression and aggression than children without these diagnoses, as reflected in both child and parent ratings. Child and parent ratings correlated in the low to moderate range on measures of children's symptoms, whereas mother and father ratings correlated in the moderate to high range. The correspondence between children and parents did not vary as a function of symptom area (depression and aggression) or assessment format (self-report and interviews). The results suggest that children are able to rate the severity of their dysfunction, although they tend to provide lower-bound estimates than do their parents.
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PMID:Child and parent evaluations of depression and aggression in psychiatric inpatient children. 664 59

The extent to which parent rating scales differentiated children according to DSM III diagnoses was examined. A total of 113 psychiatric inpatient boys (ages 6-11) were rated by their mothers or maternal figures on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC). Children with DSM III diagnoses of conduct disorder or depression were compared to children without these diagnoses. Externalizing and internalizing scales of the parent checklists and additional measures of child aggression and depression differentiated children according to major diagnoses. The use of parent checklists to classify children indicated a high level of sensitivity for CBCL and BPC scales for diagnosing conduct disorder and depression. However, specificity of the subscales, particularly for the CBCL, was relatively low, indicating a high rate of false positives. The need for further work that extends the range of diagnosis, that examines subtypes of disorders, and that increases the specificity of the measures for diagnostic purposes is discussed.
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PMID:Convergence of clinically derived diagnoses and parent checklists among inpatient children. 674 21

Similar structured diagnostic interviews about the child were given by different interviewers to a cohort of 307 mother-child pairs. A diagnosis was made by computer on each interview, using specified criteria. Diagnoses on mother-child interviews were compared using the kappa statistic. Kappas of .30 or higher were found for the diagnosis of antisocial personality, conduct disorder, enuresis, mixed behavior-neurotic disorder, and possible depression. Comparisons were made for sex and age. Possible depression and enuresis were diagnosed reliably at all age levels and for both sexes. The limitations of the interview and diagnostic system used are discussed. The findings support the need for further efforts to develop diagnostic research interviews for use with children and adolescents.
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PMID:Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: agreement on diagnosis comparing child and parent interviews. 717 41

In November 1990 the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) convened a special conference of over 100 scientists and leaders to outline specific strategies and research initiatives that should be developed to implement the recently released National Plan for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders. Participants included journal editors, educators from psychology and psychiatry, representatives from private foundations, and leaders of research program areas in public funding agencies. Critical knowledge gaps were identified in five areas of child and adolescent psychopathology, including depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, the anxiety disorders, and the developmental disorders. For each of these areas, special emphasis was placed on developing new ideas and obtaining critical input from other areas of investigation. This report summarizes the identified research gaps and recommends research initiatives to implement the National Plan, as outlined by the conference participants.
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PMID:Child and adolescent psychopathology research: problems and prospects for the 1990s. 750 3

This study was undertaken to investigate psychiatric comorbidity in male and female adolescents with conduct disorder diagnoses. Twenty-five hospitalized adolescents (11 females, 14 males) with conduct disorder were evaluated using structured diagnostic interviews for Axis I and personality disorders. The most common Axis I comorbid diagnoses were: depressive disorders (major depression and/or dysthymia), 64 percent; anxiety disorders (separation anxiety disorder, overanxious disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias, and/or posttraumatic stress disorder), 52 percent; substance abuse, 48 percent; and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 28 percent. Common Axis II disorders included passive-aggressive personality disorder, 56 percent, and borderline personality disorder, 32 percent. When compared with the male subjects, the females had significantly more total Axis I disorders and a trend toward more total personality disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, and borderline personality disorders. These findings support conduct disorder as a complex illness with extensive Axis I and II involvement as well as some gender differences in presentation.
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PMID:Axis I and personality comorbidity in adolescents with conduct disorder. 759 74

Encephalitis lethargica (von Economo's encephalitis), pandemic from 1917 to 1926, opened a window on the study of behavioral consequences of infection-induced subcortical disorder. Widely varying acute manifestations included extrapyramidal disorders, myoclonus, eye movement disorders, paralyses, delirium, mood changes, inverted diurnal rhythms, and catatonia. Major pathological changes involved the substantia nigra, globus pallidus, and hypothalamus. A symptom-free recovery period was often followed by postencephalitic disturbances, typically parkinsonism in adults and conduct disorder in children. Occurrence of depression, mania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and hyperactivity in post-encephalitic patients anticipated current concepts of the role of the basal ganglia in mood, personality, and obsessional syndromes. Observations of deferred onset and "tardy" hyperkinesias presaged current theories of the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia.
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PMID:Encephalitis lethargica: lessons for contemporary neuropsychiatry. 758 Feb 5


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