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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper explores how symptoms of mental health problems influence acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related risk behaviors, and how changes in those symptoms relate to risk behaviors engaged in by young adults. Repeated interviews with 602 youths since 1984 provide a history of change in behaviors. Mental health symptoms during adolescence (alcohol/drug [r = .28]; conduct disorder [r = .27]; depression [r = .16]; suicide [r = .14]; anxiety [r = .16]; and posttraumatic stress [r = .09]) are associated with higher numbers of risk behaviors (specifically, prostitution, use of intravenous drugs, and choice of a high-risk sex partner) during young adulthood. Changes in mental health symptoms between adolescence and young adulthood are related to the number of risk behaviors engaged in by young adulthood (total number of symptoms [B = .10], alcohol/drug abuse or dependence [B = .34], depression [B = .20], suicidality [B = .35], anxiety [B = .13], and posttraumatic stress [B = .14]). Changes in symptoms of mental health problems are associated specifically with those risk behaviors that are initiated primarily in young adulthood: intravenous drug use, prostitution, and choice of risky partners. The findings show that prevention and treatment of mental health problems are important components of preventive interventions for human immunodeficiency virus infection in high-risk teens and young adults.
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PMID:The influence of mental health problems on AIDS-related risk behaviors in young adults. 158 74

The scores of 15 adolescents who had a primary diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 21 of Conduct Disorder, and 23 control subjects on the Beck and Reynolds depression scales were correlated .58 over-all, .73 for the Posttraumatic group, .48 for the Conduct Disordered group, but .37 for controls. The Reynolds scale did not identify depression in these adolescents as effectively as did the Beck scale.
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PMID:Correlations of Beck Depression Inventory and Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale. 159 80

Illustrates how standard epidemiologic principles form the knowledge base to justify a preventive intervention for an at-risk population. These principles were applied to a sample of 92 from the population of children aged 8 to 15 at alleged risk for mental health disorders because a parent died. Prior work on this alleged risk population is sparse and flawed. Validly determining the population effect of an alleged risk factor requires assessing the influence of sampling bias. The bias found, underrepresentation of deaths of a mother, did not influence the relations among death of a parent and children's depression and conduct disorder, and the modifiable mediators of risk to be changed by the preventive intervention. The epidemiologic measure of effect indicated that death of a parent is a risk factor for major depression but not for conduct disorder among youth. Families recruited for the preventive intervention by epidemiologic methods (ES families) did not differ significantly from the earlier families on whom the knowledge base was formed. Families referred to the intervention by self or others significantly differed from the ES families in two ways that constituted serious biases. The implications of these biases for prevention were discussed.
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PMID:Epidemiology and preventive interventions: parental death in childhood as a case example. 175 32

Fifty-five adolescent girls with conduct disorder from a psychiatric hospital were examined with a structured interview schedule and then reevaluated 2 to 4 years later. The majority also had depressive or anxiety disorders. The criteria used for conduct disorder were less weighted toward violent crime and differed from the criteria in DSM-III-R. Their outcome was poor; 6% had died a violent death, the majority had dropped out of school, one-third were pregnant before the age of 17, half were rearrested, and many suffered traumatic injuries. Diagnoses of depression or anxiety disorders at the index admission were not associated with a better outcome.
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PMID:Characteristics and outcome of hospitalized adolescent girls with conduct disorder. 175 47

Because alcoholism is a highly heritable condition, children of alcoholics, especially sons, are at much higher risk than the general population for developing the disorder. Furthermore, secular trends are apparent for both sons and daughters of alcoholics, such that alcoholism has become more prevalent over time, increasing the morbid risk in offspring of alcoholics. Increases in prevalence of disorders known to be associated with alcoholism, such as conduct disorder, depression, and drug abuse, have also been found in younger cohorts, as well. At the genetic level, alcoholism appears to be heterogeneous, raising the possibility that alcoholism may be a product of numerous different kinds of gene-environment interactions. Further advances in our understanding of alcoholism will come from molecular genetic studies and longitudinal studies of high-risk populations.
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PMID:Epidemiological perspectives on children of alcoholics. 175 88

Children with conduct disorder have long been known to be at high risk for developing externalizing disorders, alcohol and drug abuse, and antisocial personality. Relationships of conduct disorder to other adult psychiatric disorders, on the other hand, have not been definitively shown. Taking advantage of the large community sample (N = 19,482) interviewed in the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program, the authors examined the effects of childhood conduct problems on ten DSM-III psychiatric disorders: somatization, phobia, panic, obsessive-compulsive, depression, mania, alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, schizophrenia and antisocial personality. Each of the ten adult disorders showed an increase in prevalence with an increasing number of conduct problems, although effects were stronger for externalizing disorders. The predictive power of conduct problems was similar for males and females. The effect of conduct problems on nonexternalizing disorders was found to be largely mediated through externalizing disorders, particularly for men but direct effects also occurred for both sexes. These findings raise questions about the conventional view of psychiatric disorders as divisible into externalizing and internalizing disorders. They also suggest that the increasing rates of conduct problems in younger cohorts may be responsible in part for the rising rates of other disorders. Thus, prevention of and early intervention with conduct disorder may hold promise for reducing rates of a broad range of disorders.
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PMID:Adult disorders predicted by childhood conduct problems: results from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area project. 185 46

Among 547 adolescents with serious emotional disturbances, ages 12 to 18, this study assessed (1) prevalence of DSM-III substance use disorders (i.e., alcohol and marijuana abuse/dependence), and (2) comorbidity with DSM-III Axis I disorders. Factors of age, sex, state location, and type of treatment program also were examined. Data were analyzed by logistic regression. Significant factors (p less than 0.05) associated with severe alcohol or marijuana abuse/dependency diagnosis included (1) residential mental health treatment program, 2.37 Odds Ratio (OR); (2) conduct disorder diagnosis, 2.18 OR; (3) depression diagnosis, 1.75 OR; (4) states, 1.43 OR; (5) age, 1.29 OR; and (6) a depression x facility interaction, 1.91 OR.
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PMID:Substance abuse prevalence and comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders among adolescents with severe emotional disturbances. 189 91

Estimates of the prevalence of comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and mental retardation in community and clinical populations range from 14.3 to 67.3 percent. A wide variety of disorders have been reported in this population, including schizophrenia, depression, and, commonly, conduct disorder. The incidence of specific disorders appears to be related to the level of retardation and the concomitant presence of seizure disorder. Accurate assessment of psychiatric disorders in this population is difficult because mentally retarded patients have poor communication skills and because most diagnostic instruments were developed for persons of normal intellectual functioning. Treatment includes educational, behavioral, and pharmacological interventions, but guidelines for safe use of psychotherapeutic drugs are needed.
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PMID:Mental retardation and psychiatric disorders. 205 Mar 50

Sixty-three child and adolescent patients meeting operational criteria for depression and 68 non-depressed child psychiatric controls were followed into adulthood. Twenty-one percent of the depressed group had had conduct disorder (CD) in conjunction with their index depression. Depressed children with comorbid CD did not differ from depressed children without conduct problems with respect to depressive symptom presentation or demographic characteristics. However, depressives with CD had a worse short-term outcome and a higher risk of adult criminality than depressed children without conduct problems. There was a strong trend for depressives with CD to have a lower risk of depression in adulthood than depressed children without conduct problems. The outcomes of depressives with CD were very similar to those of nondepressed children with CD. The findings are discussed in the context of current classification schemes.
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PMID:Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: II. Links with antisocial disorders. 205 80

Systematically evaluated the efficacy of a self-selection strategy to recruit elementary-aged children into a school-based prevention program for children of alcoholics. Recruitment involved: a film about parental alcoholism, a follow-up meeting, and an invitation to participate in a prevention program. Of the 844 4th-6th graders exposed to recruitment, 67% showed no interest in the program, 26% attended the follow-up meeting, and 11% obtained parental permission. Analyses focused on group differences according to selection classification on measures of symptomatology and resources available to the child. Significant differences were noted on level of concern about parents' drinking, depression, conduct disorder, and self-worth. Children interested in the program tended to score higher on measures of symptomatology. The potential of a self-selection model for identifying children at risk and areas for future research are discussed.
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PMID:Children's self-selection into prevention programs: evaluation of an innovative recruitment strategy for children of alcoholics. 207 98


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