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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A case-history format was utilized to compare interrater agreement on childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders, using DSM-II and DSM-III. The average interrater agreement was 57% for DSM-II and 54% for axis I (clinical psychiatric syndrome) of DSM-III. There was high agreement in both systems on cases of psychosis, conduct disorder, hyperactivity, and mental retardation, with DSM-III appearing slightly better. There was noteworthy interrater disagreement in both systems for "anxiety" disorders, complex cases, and in the subtyping of depression. Overall, the reliability of DSM-III appears to be good and is comparable with that of DSM-II and other classification systems of childhood psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:A comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III in the diagnosis of childhood psychiatric disorders. II. Interrater agreement. 48 79

The 2-year course, first onset (incidence), recurrence, and recovery of major depression in 174 offspring at high and low risk for major depression were studied. A variety of predictors of course were examined, including parental diagnosis, demographic and clinical characteristics of the family and offspring, comorbidity and social functioning in offspring, and family risk factors. The 2-year incidence rate was 8.5%. All of the incident cases of major depression occurred in offspring of depressed parents. Additional predictors of incidence were a preceding diagnosis of conduct disorder and subclinical symptoms of depression. The recurrence rate results are tentative because of the small sample. The 2-year recurrence rate was 16.1%. Predictors of recurrence were a previous comorbid diagnosis of dysthymia or problems in social functioning. By the end of 2 years, the majority of offspring (87%) had recovered. The mean number of weeks to recovery was 54 in the offspring of depressed parents and 23 in the offspring of nondepressed parents. Offspring with an onset of major depression at age 13 years or younger, who were exposed to divorce in the family or who had been exposed to more than one parental depressive episode, had significantly more protracted times to recovery. We conclude that there are different predictors of incidence of major depression, its recurrence, and time to recovery in offspring, and that parental depression has an impact on the course in offspring.
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PMID:The course of major depression in the offspring of depressed parents. Incidence, recurrence, and recovery. 141 32

The total number of adults with Down's syndrome living in Leicestershire, ascertained by widespread enquiry, was found to be 378. Of these, 371 were matched with adults with mental handicap due to other pathologies, on the basis of age, sex, and type of residence. Those with Down's syndrome were found to have a different spectrum of mental disorders from those without the syndrome. In particular, Down's syndrome patients were more likely to have been diagnosed as having depression and dementia; the controls were more likely to have been diagnosed as suffering from conduct disorder, personality disorder, or schizophrenia/paranoid state. The same proportion of each group had been given a diagnosis of autism.
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PMID:Differential rates of psychiatric disorders in adults with Down's syndrome compared with other mentally handicapped adults. 833 Jan 25

Psychosocial assessment was carried out in 35 children with acute lymphatic leukemic, an equal number with non-leukemic chronic illness and their parents. Psychological dysfunction existed more frequently in parents of leukemic children. Depression as an initial reaction on being conveyed the diagnosis, was seen in 85.8% whilst anger was observed in 42.8%. Majority (89.7%) entertained doubts about whether a correct diagnosis has been established. Understanding of the disease, its possible course and the need for prolonged treatment, was appreciated by about 65.7% of parents. The disease imposed serious social, financial and occupational burdens on the family. Measures used to cope with such stresses included meeting close friends and relatives and finding solace in religious activities. When comparing psychopathology in leukemic children with that in chronically ill non-leukemic counterparts, significant differences were observed in certain specific syndrome scores. Conduct disorder, anxiety, depression and psychotic symptoms were more prevalent in leukemic children. This study emphasizes the necessity of active psychosocial intervention in the total care of childhood leukemia.
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PMID:Psychosocial study of leukemic children and their parents. 145 20

There has been a dramatic increase in suicide among adolescent males in the last 20 years. White males are at the highest risk. For this group, suicide is the second most common cause of death. Because of the gravity of the problem, much interest has developed in the causes and means of preventing suicide. Precipitating causes include getting in trouble and disturbances in the peer and family relationship. These are common occurrences for all adolescents. Investigations following death show that the majority of those that complete suicide had psychiatric diagnoses. The most common diagnoses are depression, substance abuse, and conduct disorder. The assessment and treatment of these disorders is discussed.
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PMID:Adolescent suicide: prevention and treatment of psychiatric causes. 147 98

Evaluated the effects of a theoretically derived program to prevent mental health problems in children who had experienced the death of a parent. The program was designed to improve variables in the family environment which were specified as mediators of the effects of parental death on child mental health. The evaluation design involved the random assignment of families to either an intervention or control group. The program led to parental ratings of increased warmth in their relationships with their children, increased satisfaction with their social support, and the maintenance of family discussion of grief-related issues. The program also led to parent ratings of decreased conduct disorder and depression problems and overall problems in older children. Significant correlations between the family environment variables and child mental health problems provided further empirical support for the theory underlying the program. Implications for program redesign were derived by reconsidering the adequacy of the program components to change theoretically mediating variables.
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PMID:Linking empirically based theory and evaluation: the Family Bereavement Program. 148 86

We assessed the diagnostic utility of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) in a sample of adolescent inpatients. In Part 1 (n = 79), convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated for SCL-90-R scales measuring depression and paranoid ideation. Canonical correlation showed that SCL-90-R scales tapped two dimensions of adolescent psychopathology, a primary dimension of dysphoria and a secondary dimension of anger and mistrust. In Part 2 (n = 50), adolescents diagnosed as having major depression showed significant elevations on scales measuring depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive features. Although several scales had high diagnostic specificity for major depression and conduct disorder, sensitivity was low.
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PMID:Utility of the SCL-90-R with depressed and conduct-disordered adolescent inpatients. 148 8

The purpose of the current study was to examine the co-occurrence of substance abuse and three other psychiatric disorders (conduct disorder, depression, anxiety) in an incarcerated juvenile delinquent sample. Diagnostic interviews were utilized to place participants in one of three groups: No substance abuse, alcohol/marijuana abuse, or polysubstance abuse. Frequency of diagnosis and number of symptoms of three psychiatric disorders were then examined. The results indicated that the diagnosis of conduct disorder increased significantly with the occurrence of substance abuse. Also, the number of symptoms for conduct disorder, anxiety, and depression increased with substance abuse. With polysubstance abuse the probability of having more than one of the other psychiatric diagnoses was above 50%. Potential explanations for the findings, focusing on the developmental trajectory for conduct problems and self-medication for internalizing disorders, are discussed.
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PMID:Co-occurrence of substance abuse with conduct, anxiety, and depression disorders in juvenile delinquents. 150 71

Depression models that emphasize the social environment have not been tested with adolescents and their specificity to depressive symptoms has not been demonstrated. In a study of 94 adolescent inpatients, distinctions were drawn between family and peer support to determine if these sources of support were differentially related to depression symptoms. Step-down multivariate multiple-regression analyses showed that depression symptoms were uniquely predicted by social relationship variables after accounting for the effects of anxiety and conduct disorder symptoms. Depression was negatively related to family and paternal support, but it was positively related to peer support. Furthermore, family and paternal support interacted with peer support in the prediction of depression. The results are consistent with the assertion that disturbances in important supportive attachments have special significance for the experience of depressive symptoms by adolescents.
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PMID:Family and peer social support as specific correlates of adolescent depressive symptoms. 154 90

Family psychosocial functioning and its relation to psychopathology among adolescents with severe emotional disturbances (SED) was assessed. Subjects were 353 adolescents with SED, ages 12-18, and their parents. During a semi-structured interview, adolescents were administered Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES-III), Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Child Version (DISC-C), and the Self-Derogation Scale. Parents were administered FACES-IIII and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in a phone interview. Results indicated that on the FACES-IIII cohesion dimension, both parents and adolescents perceived their family relations as more disengaged and less connected than did normative families (p less than .001). In contrast, only parent FACES-IIII adaptability scores were significantly more extreme than a normative sample (p less than .01). Additionally, both parent and adolescent cohesion scores were significantly correlated with adolescent psychopathology measures: DISC-C conduct disorder (p less than .01), depression (p less than .05), alcohol/marijuana (p less than .01), and CBCL externalizing symptoms (p less than .01). These relationships did not deviate from linearity.
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PMID:Family functioning and psychopathology among adolescents with severe emotional disturbances. 154 96


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