Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have investigated aging of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in female rhesus monkeys that differ in adaptive behavior. Plasma cortisol (F) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) concentrations under basal conditions and under acute psycho-emotional stress were evaluated in blood plasma of young (6-8 years) and old (20-27 years) female rhesus monkeys with various types of adaptive behavior (aggressive, depression-like, and average). We have found that the age-related changes in the HPA axis of monkeys with depression-like behavior were accompanied by the maximal absolute and relative hypercortisolemia under both basal conditions and stress. Moreover, young aggressive monkeys, in comparison with young monkeys of other behavior groups, demonstrated the highest plasma levels of DHEA-S and the lowest molar ratios between F and DHEA-S. Thus, age-related dysfunctions of the HPA axis are associated with adaptive behavior of animals.
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PMID:Aging of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in nonhuman primates with depression-like and aggressive behavior. 2106 67

It was previously reported that GB-115 [Ph(CH2)5CO-Gly-D-Trp-NH2], a tryptophan-containing dipeptide analog of endogenous CCK4, exhibited pronounced anxiolytic effects in behavioral models of anxiety targeted on the "passive" phenotype of the emotional stress reaction. The aim of the present work was to study the modulator action of GB-115 (0.0125-0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) on emotional processes in both mongrel and inbred (BALB/c and C57B1/6) mice with opposite emotionality in Porsolt's test. GB-115 injected at a dose of 0.025 mg/kg led to a decrease in the immobilization time in all animals tested. The effect observed was less potent than that of amitriptyline (10 mg/kg). In contrast to the case of BALB/c mice, GB-115 increased the latent period in both C57B1/6 mice with active type of behavior and in mongrel mice. There were no changes in spontaneous locomotor activity after the acute administration of GB-115 in inbred and mongrel mice. It was found that GB-115 at an anxiolytic dose produced antidepressant-like effects independently of the genetically controlled emotional stress reaction phenotype. These results indicate that the novel dipeptide analog of CCK4 may have potential in the clinical management of concurrent anxiety and depression.
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PMID:[Experimental study of antidepressant effects of GB-115 dipeptide]. 2147 66

In this article it is suggested that current psychological theories of depression presuppose that this condition will develop as a result of a vicious circle involving negatively biased communication between systems of emotional stress-/alarm-signaling, executive functions and mood regulation. These systems may from a neuroanatomical point of view be located in the limbic system, the orbitofrontal and lateral prefrontal cortex and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA-) axis respectively. The theoretical and practical implications of this model for the understanding of pharmacological treatments of depression are briefly discussed and this theory is related to the catecholamine hypothesis of depression. The model is furthermore discussed in relation to deep brain stimulation (DBS) of treatment resistant major depression. Similarities and differences between this perspective and the one advocated by the "homeostatic theory" of depression are discussed. It is concluded that a topographical psychological theory may offer a useful heuristic in thinking about depression and that it offers several testable predictions about treatments of the disorder.
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PMID:The psychological neuroscience of depression: implications for understanding effects of deep brain stimulation. 2158 92

Emotional stress can be viewed as a cause of adverse circumstances that induces a wide range of biochemical and behavioural changes. Oxidative stress is a critical route of damage in various psychological stress-induced disorders such as depression. Antidepressants are widely prescribed to treat these conditions; however, no animal study has investigated the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species in peripheral blood leucocytes of stressed mice. In this study, mice were immobilized for a period of 6 hr. Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg of body-weight) was administered 30 min. before subjecting the animals to acute stress. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species in leucocytes of the peripheral blood of stressed mice was investigated using a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe, and the antioxidant response of fluoxetine was evaluated by superoxide dismutase, diaphorase, catalase and reduced glutathione. Our results show that restraint stress significantly increases the generation of reactive oxygen species in the peripheral defence cells. Treatment with fluoxetine partially reverses the adverse effects of stress. The improvement in cellular oxidative status may be an important mechanism underlying the protective pharmacological effects of fluoxetine, which are clinically observed in the treatment of depressive disorders.
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PMID:Effects of fluoxetine on the oxidative status of peripheral blood leucocytes of restraint-stressed mice. 2162 59

The connection between cardiovascular disease and psychosocial risk factors has been the subject of an ever-growing body of literature over the last 50 years. Studies on the role of negative emotions, personality traits, chronic stress and social determinants have brought to light their possible role in triggering acute coronary syndromes, although further studies are required to clarify controversial results regarding the association between cardiovascular risk and important psychological problems such as depression and anxiety. The recognition of the role of emotional events in acute coronary syndromes paved the way for provocation experiments, aimed at inducing mental stress in a controlled setting and then documenting reversible impairment of myocardial perfusion, depolarization anomalies and arrhythmias. This ultimately led to the formalization of the concept of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia. Accumulating evidence on the mechanistic bases of such phenomena outline a wide range of central and peripheral physiological changes associated with emotions and behaviors, whose effects are exerted on the cardiovascular system, sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus-hypophysis neuroendocrine axis. This article outlines the main steps in the identification of psychological aspects as cardiovascular risk factors and emphasizes the relevance of emotional stress as a trigger of acute cardiovascular events. Finally, a description is provided of the pathophysiological mechanisms behind mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and pathways connecting the heart and brain.
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PMID:Mental stress and ischemic heart disease: evolving awareness of a complex association. 2162 81

The serotonin 5HTR2C receptor has been shown to mediate HPA axis activation during stress. We hypothesized that a functional polymorphism (rs6318) of the 5HTR2C gene would be associated with HPA axis response to a laboratory stress protocol. The present sample consisted of 41 men (22 African Americans, 19 Caucasians). We found that at rest men with the more active rs6318 Ser23 C allele had similar cortisol values compared to those with the less active Cys23 G allele. During laboratory stress, however, men with the Ser23 C allele exhibited the predicted significantly higher cortisol levels (p<0.001), as well as larger increases in anger (p=0.08) and depressive mood (p=0.006) ratings, compared to the Cys23 G carriers. The increase in cortisol was significantly related to the increases in ratings of anger and depression assessed before and after the emotion induction, and these correlations became nonsignificant when rs6318 genotype was covaried. We conclude that genetic variation in 5HTR2C may be associated with HPA axis activation and stimulated by emotional stress, and also with both psychological and physiological endophenotypes that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes.
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PMID:Cortisol responses to emotional stress in men: association with a functional polymorphism in the 5HTR2C gene. 2196 53

The present study included 105 patients suffering chronic somatic diseases (CSD). Their health status was estimated based on the brief multifactor questionnaire for personality (BMQP) analysis; Spielberg state trait anxiety inventory (STAI); the Beck depression scale with the use of the "patient's quality of life" method; the well-being, activity, and mood (WAM) self-assessment test, and the stress-tolerance self-assistance test. The impairment of psychological reserve was documented in 85.7% of the patients with CSD. The degree of CSD deterioration was shown to be related to the frequency of exacerbation of clinical conditions, the severity of pain syndrome, the level of anxiety, depression, and hypochondriac mood. The impairment of psychological reserve was accompanied by the deterioration of the quality of life due to constraints imposed by the necessity to undergo medical treatment, avoid situations of emotional stress, restrict the scope of physical and social activities.
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PMID:[Factors affecting psychological reserves in the patients presenting with chronic somatic diseases]. 2198 22

Patients with epilepsy frequently experience depression and emotional stress and these may function as seizure triggers in epileptogenic frontotemporal cortex, which serves in emotional processing. Eight patients enrolled in a pilot trial of a 6-month epilepsy-specific behavioral approach comprising counseling and relaxation to recognize and eliminate emotional seizure triggers. Potential participants with psychogenic seizures were excluded by long-term EEG and/or the MMPI profile. One participant became seizure free, another had an approximately 90% reduction in seizures, and two additional participants achieved a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency (total responder rate=50%), stable during 6 months of observation after the intervention. All completers showed marked and stable improvement of quality of life (Quality of Life in Epilepsy-89 inventory) and temporary improvement in the Profile of Mood States. An adequately powered randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm our findings, which suggest that behavioral approaches may hold promise for motivated patients with epilepsy.
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PMID:Aura interruption: the Andrews/Reiter behavioral intervention may reduce seizures and improve quality of life - a pilot trial. 2205 14

Stress, that is, the state of threatened or perceived as threatened homeostasis, is associated with activation of the stress system, mainly comprised by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the arousal/sympathetic nervous systems. The stress system normally functions in a circadian manner and interacts with other systems to regulate a variety of behavioral, endocrine, metabolic, immune, and cardiovascular functions. However, the experience of acute intense physical or emotional stress, as well as of chronic stress, may lead to the development of or may exacerbate several psychologic and somatic conditions, including anxiety disorders, depression, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. In chronically stressed individuals, both behavioral and neuroendocrine mechanisms promote obesity and metabolic abnormalities: unhealthy lifestyles in conjunction with dysregulation of the stress system and increased secretion of cortisol, catecholamines, and interleukin-6, with concurrently elevated insulin concentrations, lead to development of central obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Fetal life, childhood, and adolescence are particularly vulnerable periods of life to the effects of intense acute or chronic stress. Similarly, these life stages are crucial for the later development of behavioral, metabolic, and immune abnormalities. Developing brain structures and functions related to stress regulation, such as the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the mesocorticolimbic system, are more vulnerable to the effects of stress compared with mature structures in adults. Moreover, chronic alterations in cortisol secretion in children may affect the timing of puberty, final stature, and body composition, as well as cause early-onset obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The understanding of stress mechanisms leading to metabolic abnormalities in early life may lead to more effective prevention and intervention strategies of obesity-related health problems.
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PMID:Metabolic consequences of stress during childhood and adolescence. 2224 7

The present study included 105 patients presenting with various chronic somatic diseases. Their psychological status was estimated with the use of the abridged variant of the multifactor questionnaire MMPI, STAI scale, Beck depression scale, quality of life scale, and stress tolerance self-assessment scale. It was shown that the proposed method of combined psychological correction is efficacious for the enhancement of psychological reserves of the patients, reduction of anxiety, tension, hypochondriac thoughts, irritability, impulsiveness, and ostentation, heightening of the mood and activity. The improved quality of life associated with combined correction of the psychological status is attributable to the reduction of the number of restrictions necessary to avoid situations leading to emotional stress.
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PMID:[The efficacy of combined psychogenic correction of the compromised reserve capacities in the patients presenting with chronic somatic diseases]. 2216 40


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