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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During paradoxical sleep electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation and emotiogenic structures in the mesencephalon and diencephalon produced depression or an increase in the theta rhythm of the hippocampal and entorhinal electrical activity. However, stimulation not involving behavioral arousal did not cause a transition from paradoxical phase into slow wave sleep. The cessation of stimulation restored the normal structure of the paradoxical phase. Stimulation of the reticular formation causing the depression of the hippocampal and entorhinal theta rhythm without behavioral arousal did not affect duration of the paradoxical phase, which was shortened, however, by electrical stimulation of the emotiogenic structures evoking an increase in the hippocampal and entorhinal theta rhythms. Stimulation of ventromedial hypothalamus or septum (during wakefulness inhibiting motivational behavior and emotional stress) caused transition from the paradoxical into slow wave sleep. This is probably caused by a decrease in emotiogenic stress, which during the paradoxical phase is usually on a high level.
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PMID:Effects of electrical stimulation of the mesencephalon and diencephalon on the paradoxical phase of sleep. 17 20

Basing themselves on an analysis of data cited by other researchers and the results of their own investigation, conducted on man and animals, the authors disclose that sleep changes are determined by the type of behavioural reaction to emotional stress: the behaviour that includes components of search activity directed at changing the situation is accompanied by a reduction of REM sleep time; renunciation of search, as in the cases of passive avoidance, neurotic anxiety and depression, is attended by an increase in REM sleep requirement. Presumably, the function of REM sleep is to compensate for renunciation of search in the waking period. The authors suggest a method of appraising the character of reaction to stress by sleep changes--calculation of the time ratio of REM sleep to delta-sleep in the first two cycles.
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PMID:REM sleep, stress and search activity. A short critical review and a new conception. 23 Jun 51

Hypocalcemia, although a relatively uncommon sequela of operations for carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx, often presents as an acute medical emergency. In its chronic form, hypocalcemia may be a difficult disorder to control. Understanding the etiologic basis of hypocalcemia secondary to operations for carcinoma of the head and neck requires knowledge of the pathophysiology of the preoperative and postoperative factors affecting calcium homeostasis. These factors include thyroidectomy, hypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, anticonvulsant therapy, estrogen replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, blood transfusions, hyperventilation alkalosis, hypoalbuminemia, corticosteroid therapy, depression, emotional stress and diet. Often the onset of symptoms and signs of hypocalcemia occurs within 24 to 48 hours after the operation. The symptoms may include mental depression, headache, tingling of the hands and perioral region and abdominal pain. Unrecognized chronic hypocalcemia may lead to the development of cataracts, convulsions and psychosis.
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PMID:Etiologic factors in hypocalcemia secondary to operations for carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx. 67 61

Variant angina pectoris, usually not precipitated by exertion or emotional stress, often is more severe and lasts longer than classic angina. The pain tends to recur at about the same time each day. Arrhythmias, usually ventricular, occur in about 50% of cases during the peak of pain. Electrocardiograms show a characteristic ST segment elevation during pain, which is in contrast to the ST segment depression of classic angina pectoris. Pain may be due, at least in some cases, to a temporary increase in tonus of a single, large, narrowed coronary artery. Chemical changes in the myocardium and plasma catecholamine changes differ from those occurring in classic angina pectoris. The course of the disease is highly variable but the prognosis must be regarded as grave, since single large vessel disease, present in most cases, is associated with severe myocardial ischemia. Patients with variant angina pectoris should be studied early with coronary arteriography and considered for coronary artery bypass surgery if appropriate.
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PMID:The variant form of angina pectoris. 76 70

To evaluate possible cardiovascular effects of emotional stress, a specially designed 12 minute tape-recorded stress quiz was administered to 43 subjects while blood pressure and the electrocardiogram were monitored. For the entire group, the heart rate and blood pressure rose from respective control levels of 76 beats/min and 136/87 mm Hg to a mean during the quiz of 87 beats/min and 158/94 mm Hg. This difference was highly significant. Of the 43 subjects, 33 were classified as executives and 10 as nonexecutives. There were three groups of executives: control and angina with and without a history of hypertension. Both groups of executives with angina responded with a significantly higher heart rate than that of the executive control group. Blood pressure response was significantly greater in executives with angina and hypertension than in the other groups. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses to the quiz were lower in nonexecutives with angina than in executives with angina. During the quiz, 10 of 14 executives with angina had S-T segment depression greater than 0.5 mm; of these, 7 evidenced greater than 1.0 mm depression, andin 3 of these the depression was greater than 1.5 mm and in 2 greater than or equal to 2.0 mm. None of the executive control subjects had S-T depression greater than 0.5 mm Among nonexecutives, 2 had S-T depression greater than 0.5 mm but none greater than 1.0 mm S-T depression. Seventeen of the patients also were given a bicycle exercise tolerance test. There was a significant correlation between S-T depression in response to exercise and to the quiz (r = 0.63; P less than 0.01). The quiz electrocardiogram is presented as a new research technique and diagnostic test for evaluating the relation of emotional stress to ischemic heart disease.
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PMID:The quiz electrocardiogram: a new diagnostic and research technique for evaluating the relation between emotional stress and ischemic heart disease. 124 33

A study was made of the influence of the antidepressants imipramine and citalopram (10 mg/kg, chronic administration, i.p.) on the depression-like condition in submissive male rats. The above condition developed under the effect of chronic emotional stress because of successive experience of defeat in social confrontations (Kudryavtseva, Bakshtanovskaya, 1988). Imipramine rather than citalopram exerted a remarkable antidepressive effect recorded by the Porsolt's test. Measurements of the content of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline in brain structures have demonstrated changes in the serotoninergic and catecholaminergic systems in males with the depressive symptomatology in relation to intact animals. It should be mentioned that at different stages of pathological process formation, the role of certain structures and mediator systems underwent definite changes.
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PMID:[Experimental model of depression: neurochemical changes and the effects of imipramine and citalopram]. 131 31

Systemic administration of yohimbine augments sympathetic outflow and blocks presynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, releasing the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) into the bloodstream. The present study examined sympathoadrenal and hemodynamic responses to yohimbine in 19 patients with essential hypertension and 19 normotensive control subjects. Baseline mean values for arterial NE, epinephrine, dihydroxyphenylglycol (the main intraneuronal metabolite of NE), spillover of NE into arterial plasma, and corticotropin did not differ between the hypertensive and normotensive groups. Yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by 0.001 mg/kg/min infusion for a total of 15 minutes) increased mean arterial pressure in all but one subject (by 13 +/- 2% [SEM] in the normotensive and 17 +/- 2% in the hypertensive group) and increased arterial NE levels in all subjects (by 253 +/- 50 pg/ml in the normotensive and 312 +/- 51 pg/ml in the hypertensive group). Among hypertensive patients, pressor, cardiac, output, and arterial NE responses were distributed bimodally. Patients with large hemodynamic and NE responses to yohimbine typically reported a history of anxiety, depression, or other psychopathology and of marked pressor or tachycardic episodes during emotional stress. In the hypertensive and normotensive groups, baseline arterial NE concentrations predicted the magnitude of pressor responses to yohimbine (r = 0.59, r = 0.54,p less than 0.01), whereas baseline mean arterial pressure was unrelated to the pressor response. A yohimbine challenge test can identify patients with pressor hyperresponsiveness and can distinguish patients with pressor hyperresponsiveness due to excessive sympathoadrenal reactivity from patients with enhanced postsynaptic responsiveness to endogenous NE.
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PMID:Sympathetic reactivity during a yohimbine challenge test in essential hypertension. 165 75

Psychologic factors may play a significant role in acne in at least three ways. First, as many patients readily report, emotional stress can exacerbate acne. Second, it is common for patients to develop psychiatric problems as a consequence of the conditions, such as those related to low self-esteem, social phobias, or depression. Finally, primary psychiatric illnesses such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and psychosis may be based on a complaint that is focused on acne. In this review we hope to facilitate an understanding of how emotional factors and acne connect, and aid the dermatologist in identifying the possible presence of psychiatric problems stemming from or contributing to the disorder.
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PMID:Psychologic aspects of acne. 183 60

Maintenance of homeostasis of inner ear fluids and biochemical integrity of inner ear tissue are essential for proper functioning of the auditory and vestibular end organs. Although various regulatory mechanisms exist in a different portion of the labyrinth, the inner ear is known to respond to systemic challenges. The association of Meniere's syndrome with an imbalance of inner ear fluid homeostasis has been hypothesized for the past century. Among many factors, the effects of hormonal imbalance on inner ear fluid composition and inner ear function have however scarcely been studied. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and inner ear function and possible mechanisms of functional disturbances in an experimental condition. An infusion of supraphysiologic amounts of epinephrine, a stress related hormone, resulted in an elevation of osmolality in serum and perilymph. Furthermore, the infusion of epinephrine resulted in elevation of threshold, prolongation of latency, and depression of amplitude in the compound action potential of the auditory nerve. These findings were most marked at high frequencies. We hypothesized that the epinephrine-induced hearing loss was brought about by an increase in perilymphatic osmolality, as well as by the ionic imbalance caused by the osmotic gradient. Since emotional stress has been implicated as a mechanism of inducing a Meniere's attack, evaluation of the relationship between the autonomic system and cochlear function may contribute to the understanding of possible mechanisms of inner ear dysfunction caused by hormonal imbalances.
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PMID:Pathophysiology of inner ear fluid imbalance. 184 77

In this study, 39 laid-off mental health professionals responded to a questionnaire that focused on the emotional stress of being laid off and the respondents' efforts to cope with the stress. In the early weeks after lay-off, shock, disbelief, anger, and sadness gave way to depression, anxiety, and feelings of being betrayed and discounted. Most respondents coped with these feelings by talking to others who were being laid off or by focusing their energies on seeking a new job. Many respondents felt that mismanagement of the lay-off process was a major factor in their emotional distress. The author makes recommendations for managing lay-offs based on the responses of the laid-off workers and the principles of crisis management. She also speculates about why most of the lay-offs were poorly managed.
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PMID:Responses of mental health professionals to lay-offs. 186 74


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