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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examined the relationship between codependency (an excessive preoccupation with the lives, feelings, and problems of others), chemical dependency of a significant other, and depression. The Significant Others' Drug Use Survey (SODS) determined whether the subject was in a relationship with a significant other at risk of being chemically dependent. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess depression. Two hypotheses were tested: first, that codependency exists independently of chemical dependency and, second, that codependent people tend to be more depressed than non-codependents. Results supported the first hypothesis, but not the second. A significant correlation between depression and having a significant other likely to be chemically dependent was observed. The usefulness of the concept of codependency is discussed with proposals for subsequent research.
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PMID:Codependency: a disorder separate from chemical dependency. 155 8

This study examined several potential psychological correlates of codependency to determine the parameters and feasibility of the codependency construct. Subjects were 171 adult female volunteers from a university. Results indicated significant relationships between codependency and: object relations and reality testing (p = .01), intensity of depression (p < .01), introjective depression (p < .001), and history of abuse (p < .001). The results are supportive of codependency as a useful construct which involves a cluster of difficulties in interpersonal relationships, reality testing, and introjective depression. An association was demonstrated between codependency and parental alcoholism, or history of childhood abuse, or both.
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PMID:Psychological correlates of codependency in women. 818 35

The serotonergic (5-HT) function of 36 mothers of heroin addicts, of whom 16 subjects were without psychopathological features (group A) and 20 subjects had major depressive disorders (group B), as well as 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, was examined by L-D-fenfluramine stimulation of secretion of prolactin (PRL) and cortisol. The subjects' addict relatives were also tested for personality features and hormonal responses to L-D-fenfluramine. The PRL and cortisol responses to the stimulus were normal in mothers of group A, and blunted in mothers of group B. A high frequency (70%) of heroin addicts with comorbid depression was found among the sons of group B mothers. The sons of depressed mothers showed reduced PRL and cortisol responses to fenfluramine. A significant direct correlation has been demonstrated between the PRL areas under curves (AUC) of mothers and sons in response to the 5-HT agonist. Our data suggest that genetic 5-HT impairment is not involved in the pathogenesis of heroin addiction or codependence per se, and is probably linked to the presence of familial depression in comorbidity with the addictive disorder.
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PMID:Serotonergic function in mothers of opioid addicts: correlation with comorbid depression. 925 22

Codependency constitutes a significant health risk, particularly for women, because codependent women are often involved in abusive and potentially harmful relationships. Individuals who are identified as codependent can engage in therapy and gain knowledge and freedom from such relationships. However, there is no reliable and valid measure of codependency that is consistently used to identify these individuals. This article describes the development and testing of the Codependency Assessment Tool, a multivariate tool that conceptualizes codependency as a construct comprising five factors: (1) Other Focus/Self-Neglect, (2) Low Self-Worth, (3) Hiding Self, (4) Medical Problems, and (5) Family of Origin Issues. The instrument has excellent reliability and validity. Its test-retest reliabilities = .78 to .94; Cronbach's alpha = .78 to .91. Criterion validity was determined to be established by using known groups; construct validity was established by comparing the codependency dimensions with depression.
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PMID:Development and testing of the codependency assessment tool. 1022 39

Seven million American women are depressed, and 40 million Americans, primarily women, have been labeled as codependent. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of codependency in women undergoing treatment for depression, examine the relationship between codependency and depression, and determine which of the symptoms of codependency are most highly predictive of depression scores. Depression and codependency were measured in a sample of 105 depressed women by using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Codependency Assessment Tool. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation, and multiple regression were used for analysis. Of these depressed women, 36% were moderately to severely codependent. Depression and codependency were strongly related, with the significant gamma = .92 (P < .001). Of the codependency subscales, Low Self-Worth and Hiding Self correlate most strongly with depression; Other Focus/Self-Neglect added the least-independent--explanatory power. Thus, future research should be directed toward the relationship of codependency to power, alienation of self, and personality disorders.
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PMID:Depression and codependency in women. 986 24

Codependency is a controversial concept especially for feminist scholars who are concerned about pathologizing traditional female roles. This study's purpose was to determine: (1) the prevalence of codependency in a sample of older women who because of age may ascribe to traditional roles; (2) how the Hughes-Hammer/Martsolf theoretical model of codependency relates to other health variables; and (3) whether previous findings about the relationship between codependency and depression replicate. Survey design was used with a sample of 238 women (ages 65 to 91) attending a flu shot clinic. Subjects completed the Codependency Assessment Tool, Beck Depression Inventory, Quality of Life Scale, Perceived Health Report, Measurement of Patient Functional Abilities, and Illness Prevention Screening Behaviors Checklist. Of these women, 99% had low codependency scores. Statistically significant correlations existed between codependency and perceived health (p < .01), and functional ability (p < .01). Codependency was not significantly correlated with illness prevention behaviors and quality of life. Codependency and depression, as in previous studies, were significantly correlated (r = .446, p = .0001). Using analysis of variance, 3 codependency subscales had significant positive effect on depression: Low Self-Worth, Medical Problems, and Hiding Self. Further studies should examine the degree of ascribing to traditional female roles in women dealing with codependency issues.
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PMID:Codependency and related health variables. 1087 Feb 53

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between depression, codependency, self-coherence, and alcohol use and health outcomes in women 65 years of age and older. The framework is Erikson's ego-development theory. A convenience sample of 238 women was obtained from women attending flu shot clinics. This cross-sectional field study used survey methodology. Measures included the Beck Depression Inventory, Codependency Assessment Tool, Self-Coherence Survey Form C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Alcohol Use Questionnaire, Self-Rated Health Tool, Quality of Life Visual Analogue Scale, Functional Ability Scale, Illness Prevention Screening Behaviors Checklist, and Sociodemographic Data. Results indicate a low consumption and little variation in use of alcohol. There were no significant associations between alcohol consumption and the dependent variables. Depression was significantly related to all the health outcomes; codependency was significantly related to all health outcomes except perceived quality of life; and self-coherence was significantly related to all health outcomes except illness prevention behavior. These findings have important implications for those providing care for older women.
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PMID:Alcohol use in women 65 years of age and older. 1181 66

The evaluation of the complex chronic pain patient should be different than for the patient with a simple pain problem. The former requires a team approach. It is important that the neurosurgeon contemplating a pain-relieving operation get the best information that is likely to have an impact on outcome. This should include the following: 1. Some way to extract the appropriate information contained in the patient's medical records. 2. Physical factors that have a negative impact on prognosis. 3. Psychologic information, including return-to-work decisions, medication use issues, meaning of prior successes, negative environmental factors, codependency issues, secondary gains and their impact, presence of pain games, negatively acting financial considerations, impact of depression, presence of poor role models, impact of pain on general functioning, and the patient's future plans. Consider that just like a successful operation is a symphony of relatively simple harmonious parts, so, too, is the assessment of the complex chronic pain patient. The complexity of the patient and her or his predicament should not impair your ability to understand her or his real needs. The appropriate assessment of the patient requires that issues other than the pain itself be factored into the decisions about interventions. In the end, it is not appropriate to suggest afterward that psychosocial factors were the major cause for a poor result when nothing had been done about the same factors that had been present before the procedure.
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PMID:Evaluating the complex chronic pain patient. 1456 36

Older adults with loved ones who are dependent on alcohol or drugs often experience the adverse effects of a codependent relationship. Many experience anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, and suicidal thoughts. A pilot psychoeducational codependency support group was developed to promote well-being and reduce the adverse effects of codependency among older persons. The study participants were a voluntary convenience sample of 22 older adults (ages 65 and older) residing in the community. A pretest and posttest were administered. Six 90-minute group sessions based on a curriculum developed by the authors were held during a 2-month period. Yalom's Therapeutic Factors were used to evaluate the group process. Results indicated that older adults benefit from a psychoeducational support group format and that codependency issues can be reduced.
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PMID:A psychoeducational codependency support group for older adults who reside in the community: friends supporting friends. 1711 32

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Codependency Assessment Tool (CODAT) developed by C. Hughes Hammer, D. S. Martsolf, and R. A. Zeller (1998a, 1998b) for Turkish students and investigated the relationship of codependency with attachment styles and family problems. After the translation of the CODAT, Beck Depression Inventory, Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised, and Family Problems of Young Adulthood Evaluation Scale, each was administrated to Turkish female nurse students (n = 400). Factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha values were then computed. Five-factor solution revealed a similar factor structure for the Turkish version of CODAT compared with that of the original tool. Five factors explained 48.38% of the variance. All of the items (with one exception) loaded on their original factors. Cronbach's alpha values for factors ranged between .62 and .78. For the total score, Cronbach's alpha was found to be .75. After statistically controlling for the effects of depressive symptoms, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to investigate if the attachment styles and family problems would change depending on codependency levels. For ANCOVAs, CODAT scores were treated at three levels. Students with higher CODAT scores had more attachment-related anxiety and reported more family problems after controlling for the effects of depressive symptoms. Our research results support the internal consistency and validity of the Turkish version of CODAT.
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PMID:Psychometric properties of the Turkish form of Codependency Assessment Tool. 1992 26


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