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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study multivariately interrelated demographic and psychometric variables that have been extensively researched in the alcoholism literature. These variables included the essential-reactive continuum, degree of familial alcoholism, subjective distress, antisocial personality features and gender. Data were collected for 76 inpatients (56 male and 20 female) meeting DSM-III criteria for alcohol abuse/dependence. The mean age of the sample was 38.9 years and ranged in age from 18 to 69 years. Three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted. Factor 1 was labeled Neuroticism, and measures of depression, anxiety, neuroticism and female gender had the highest loadings. Number of first-degree relatives with alcoholism, essential (early onset and greater severity) alcoholism and greater antisocial propensity had the highest loadings on Factor 2, labeled "Essential-Familial." The Extroversion scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory and number of second-degree relatives with alcoholism loaded most highly on Factor 3, labeled "Extroversion." Theoretical and clinical implications associated with these dimensions of alcoholism and variously proposed alcoholic subtypes are discussed.
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PMID:Dimensions of alcoholism: a multivariate analysis. 229 54

Twelve adolescent males with a history of chronic solvent abuse were compared with 12 delinquent controls on a structured interview concerning their history of solvent abuse, drug and alcohol abuse, and on a self-report inventory of depression. Solvent abusers had histories of severe social and emotional deprivation, and reported higher rates of depression. This was particularly true of the most chronic abusers of solvents. These findings do not reflect any referral bias and it is concluded that the association between chronic solvent abuse and depression is a real one. Psychological, social work and psychiatric services need to take the presentation of chronic solvent abuse more seriously.
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PMID:Chronic solvent abuse. 2. Relationship with depression. 231 Nov 98

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive cognitive decline. However, little is known about the "typical" rate of decline, the degree of individual heterogeneity evident in decline, or the types of factors that influence such decline. This study investigated these questions in a sample of 106 patients with Alzheimer's disease, assessed at 1-5 points in time, spanning up to three years. At each time point, the Mini-Mental State Exam, a measure of global cognitive function, was administered to all patients. Measures of behavioral disturbance (including the presence/absence of hallucinations, depression, incontinence, wandering, and agitation), health status (including presence/absence of neurological, cardiovascular, and other diseases), and descriptive information (such as gender, age at time of onset, and duration of deficits) were obtained at entry into the study. A two-stage random effects regression model was fit to the data and then used to assess the effect of these behavioral, health, and descriptive measures on the rate of decline. Results indicate that the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease is quite variable. Patients with various health and behavioral problems declined at a rate between 1.4 and 5 times faster than patients without such problems. Alcohol abuse, additional neurological disease, and agitation were significantly related to rate of decline. Overall number of problems was not. The association of these problems with accelerated decline may have prognostic and treatment implications.
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PMID:Cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease: behavioral and health factors. 231 49

Psychological and psychiatric assessments were performed among 20 prisoner-of-war (POW) Korean-Conflict survivors. Results revealed extraordinary biological and psychological abuse with weight losses exceeding 35% of preservice weights and long-term cognitive, emotional, and behavioral sequelae. The full range of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms was seen in 90% to 100% of the cases with high prevalence of co-morbidity, specifically mood (75%), other anxiety (45%), and alcohol abuse (20%) disorders. Documented by clinical investigators at POW release and now more than 30 years later, symptoms of apprehensiveness, confusion, detachment, and depression reflect the persistence of psychiatric morbidity over time.
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PMID:Assessment of long-term psychosocial sequelae among POW survivors of the Korean Conflict. 231 39

Eight patients with combat-induced chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) receiving long-term alprazolam therapy for anxiety or depression (maximum dose of 2-9 mg/day for 1-5 years) had alprazolam therapy withdrawn. Most of the patients underwent gradual medication withdrawal. All patients had a prior history of alcohol abuse or benzodiazepine dependence. During withdrawal, all patients had severe reactions including anxiety, sleep disturbance, rage reactions, hyperalertness, increased nightmares, and intrusive thoughts; and 6 of the 8 patients had homicidal ideation. As a result of this report, the authors suggest that the potential for severe withdrawal reactions, even with gradual tapering, should be considered before prescribing alprazolam therapy for this group of patients.
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PMID:Severe withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of alprazolam in eight patients with combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder. 233 96

Longitudinal data collected at 3 occasions of measurement from a convicted driving-while-intoxicated sample (n = 302) were used to study the interrelations between problem drinking and depressive symptomatology. Time intervals between occasions of measurement were approximately 9 months. Cross-lagged latent variable models indicated that higher levels of depression at Time 1 were significantly associated with lower levels of problem drinking at Time 2. Similarly, higher levels of problem drinking at Time 1 were significantly associated with lower levels of depression at Time 2. However, the direction of effects for the cross-lagged coefficients were reversed for the Time-2-Time-3 relations. Higher levels of depression at Time 2 were significantly associated with higher levels of problem drinking at Time 3, and higher levels of problem drinking at Time 2 were associated with higher levels of depression at Time 3. The results are interpreted to reflect a biphasic process.
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PMID:Problem drinking and depression among DWI offenders: a three-wave longitudinal study. 233 33

Follow-up interviews on a sample of 298 ex-heroin addicts 12 years after they entered treatment were used to examine alcohol use and substitution of alcohol for heroin. Almost one-fourth of the sample were classified as heavy drinkers in Year 12, and half had previously used alcohol in a substitution pattern. Classifications into one of three substitution groups (none, low and high) and multivariate analysis of variance were carried out to identify background and baseline factors related to substitution and long-term behavioral outcomes 12 years after entering treatment. Substitution was found to be related to higher levels of alcohol problems and treatment before addiction, parental alcohol problems, to vulnerability to peer influence in starting drug use and to feelings of rejection by peers during adolescence. In terms of 12-year outcomes, substitution was related to more use of nonopioid drugs, more heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems and more psychological dysfunction symptoms (such as depression). These results showed a strong relationship between substitution and preaddiction as well as postaddiction alcohol abuse. However, to delineate the effects of substitution apart from the effects of previous alcohol abuse, additional analyses were computed in which substitution was examined after controlling for previous alcohol abuse. The results confirmed the validity of substitution as a powerful construct in identifying behavioral differences before and after addition.
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PMID:Alcohol use by heroin addicts 12 years after drug abuse treatment. 234 63

Anchoring errors occur when the final judgment in a series is biased in the direction of the initial judgment. Subjects (142 undergraduates) made sequential judgments about each of four cases (Alcohol Abuse, Anxiety, Depression, Antisocial Behavior). After each of five segments of case material, subjects rated the case's severity and prognosis and their own confidence in these judgments. It was found that initial judgments significantly predicted most of the later judgments, which demonstrated the anchoring effect. The anchoring effect occurred most strongly for the Antisocial and Anxiety cases, moderately for the Alcohol case, and only modestly for the Depression case. Contrary to expectation, confidence was related negatively to the occurrence of the anchoring effect; that is, anchoring was highest when confidence was low. Implications of this study are discussed.
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PMID:Anchoring errors in clinical-like judgments. 234 42

In 1967, Professor Trevor Gibbens interviewed 245 women admitted to Holloway Prison in London. The criminal records of these women to the end of 1977 were examined, at which time the mean age of the group was 39.6. Data from these records were correlated with the information obtained by interview in 1967. Alcohol abuse (but not drug taking) was associated with both seriousness and frequency of offending, as was self-reported depression outside of prison. Neither variable can be viewed as being independent of the criminal record data but a disproportionate number of women who were in the highest crime subgroup reported unhappy and disrupted early home circumstances and this variable also had predictive power in relation to those first convicted in 1967. However, though statistically associated with the measure of criminality used in the study, no variable was able to account for more than a small part of the relevant variance. The most marked feature of the study was the heterogeneity of this highly selected population.
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PMID:Correlates of crime among women offenders. 234 72

In looking at the findings of the women subjects of this investigation, alcohol consumption decreased rapidly in younger women with the borderline being roughly at the age of 50 years. This is consistent with general trends in Japan. In terms of the correlation with personality, the proportion of drinkers in those groups consisting of syntonic, self-revelation, nervous and persistent personality types was high at 34-37%. 3 out of the 7 women who were severe problem drinkers were of the persistent personality type. As such, it is believed that depression contributes to problem drinking in middle-aged and elderly women residing in rural communities. According to the results of this investigation focused on women residing in rural communities, 30% of the severe problem drinkers were also suffering from depression. As this figure closely resembles the proportion noted in clinical investigations, it was suggested that in the process of alcoholism becoming involved with health care institutions, there are other contributing factors besides clinical depression.
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PMID:[A study of drinking habits of rural middle and old aged residents in Ibaraki Prefecture--relationship between problem drinking, depression and personality (Part 2). On female subjects]. 235 Mar 1


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