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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Research on problem drinking among older adults has been hampered by the lack of specialized instruments to assess drinking problems. In this paper, we examine the psychometric properties of a 17-item measure specifically designed to assess drinking problems in this population. The Drinking Problems Index (DPI) exhibits excellent psychometric properties, with an internal consistency reliability estimate of .94, a cross-temporal correlation over a 1-year interval of .66, and cross-sectional correlations with alcohol consumption at two points a year apart of .37 and .42. In addition, the construct validity of the DPI is supported by significant concurrent correlations indicating that persons who have more drinking-related problems experience more depression, have less self-confidence, and participate in fewer social activities. Consistent with the high internal consistency reliability estimate, a factor analysis confirmed that the measure is largely unifactorial. Overall, the findings suggest that the DPI is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing problems associated with drinking in surveys of older persons.
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PMID:The Drinking Problems Index: a measure to assess alcohol-related problems among older adults. 182 Dec 93

Post-mortem psychiatric diagnoses are compared in two cohorts of male suicides from St. Louis (1956-1957) (Robins, 1981) and San Diego (1981-1982) (Rich et al., 1986). Similar structured interviews and diagnostic criteria had been used in both assessments. Substance/alcohol abuse has remained the major diagnosis in suicides under age 60. Rates of depressive disorder alone have decreased overall, due mostly to decreased rates in the elderly. Thus, depression occurs more frequently in younger ages. Comorbid depression and substance/alcohol abuse has also increased in younger ages. Implications in terms of the so-called 'cohort effect' are discussed.
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PMID:Secular trends in psychiatric diagnoses of suicide victims. 182 40

The relationship of type of home of origin [alcoholic parent(s) versus nonalcoholic parent(s)] to locus of control was assessed. Perceived level of parental alcohol abuse (MAST score) did not predict 121 students' locus of control. However, external orientation was significantly and positively correlated with having a parent who drank heavily and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and significantly and negatively correlated with the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory and the Possible Self Questionnaire.
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PMID:External locus of control in children of alcoholics. 186 85

We conducted a single-blind, random assignment, placebo-controlled, 12-week comparison of desipramine hydrochloride and amantadine hydrochloride as adjunctive treatments to counseling for cocaine dependence. Subjects were 54 outpatients who met DSM III-R criteria for active cocaine dependence and who completed a minimum of 2 weeks of treatment. Subjects treated with fixed doses of 200 mg/day desipramine (N = 17), 400 mg/day amantadine-placebo (N = 16), and placebo (N = 21) did not differ for lifetime cocaine use, lifetime histories of psychopathology, admission scores on psychometric assessments, and sociodemographics. All treatment groups demonstrated dramatic and persistent decreases in cocaine use, craving for cocaine, and psychiatric symptoms consequent to treatment. Although there was a trend for more dropouts by subjects taking desipramine, there were no significant differences among treatment groups regarding retention in treatment, craving for cocaine, and decreased cocaine use confirmed by urine toxicology. There was a trend for subjects treated with desipramine to maintain longer periods of cocaine abstinence. Mean plasma concentration of desipramine in a subsample of our subjects was less than that recommended for treatment of depression, thus the dosage of desipramine may have been subtherapeutic.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1991 Jun
PMID:Comparison of amantadine and desipramine combined with psychotherapy for treatment of cocaine dependence. 186 88

Geriatric patients with affective illness often present with unusual or atypical symptom patterns that make diagnosis difficult. Depression may be masked as pseudodementia, somatization, or anxiety/irritability, or it may be an underlying factor in pain syndromes and alcohol abuse. In the elderly, depression may be a primary or secondary symptom of a concomitant medical condition, including thyroid disease and occult neoplasm. Common medications, including some antihypertensive agents, may also have etiologic significance.
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PMID:Geriatric depression: atypical presentations, hidden meanings. 191 4

Recent literature has addressed a frequent comorbidity between alcoholism and anxiety/depression. These disorders have been interdigitated with the brain amines serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine. We investigated 51 dually diagnosed patients (generalized anxiety disorder with depressive features plus alcohol abuse/dependency) under a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial employing the 5-HT1A compound buspirone. Buspirone was superior to placebo as an anxiolytic. It was well tolerated and reduced the number of days patients desired alcohol. At the final study dose, the buspirone metabolite 1-pyrimidinylpiperazine (1-PP) was significantly related to improvement in anxiety, global depressive symptoms, and number of days not using alcohol. Analysis using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and its retardation cluster revealed significant improvement secondary to anxiolysis. Thus, buspirone (especially via its 1-PP metabolite) may be an effective treatment strategy in the anxious or mixed anxious-depressive patient with comorbid alcoholism when other conventional anxiolytics may be contraindicated.
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PMID:The association of buspirone and its metabolite 1-pyrimidinylpiperazine in the remission of comorbid anxiety with depressive features and alcohol dependency. 192 64

This study combined a treatment sample (n = 127) and a control sample (n = 114) of adolescents (ages 13-17) to investigate the relationship between adolescent peer groups and incidence of psychosocial problems. A content analysis resulted in four separate types of peer groups. The group with the lowest level of involvement in school activities was labeled by other adolescents in negative terms. An analysis of variance indicated that the least involved and most negatively labeled group generally had the most positive attitudes toward alcohol and drug use, the lowest levels of perceived harm due to alcohol and drug use, and the highest levels of alcohol abuse, drug use, delinquency, and depression. This group also had the lowest level of self-esteem, most external locus of control, least perceived access to occupational opportunities, and highest level of societal estrangement. The results are interpreted as providing support for both control and labeling theories. Implications for theory-based intervention are discussed.
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PMID:The relationship of adolescent peer groups to the incidence of psychosocial problems. 192 77

The prevalence of mental disorders (DSM-III-R Axes I and II) among adolescent suicide victims (n = 53) was investigated in a nationwide psychological autopsy study in Finland. The data were collected comprehensively through interviews of the victims' relatives and attending health care personnel and from official records. Following independent assessment by two psychiatrists, the DSM-III-R diagnoses were assigned in consensus meetings. A large majority of the victims (94%) suffered from a mental disorder. The most prevalent disorders were depressive disorders (51%) and alcohol abuse or dependence (26%). The prevalence of adjustment disorders (21%) was higher than in most studies from other countries. Personality disorder was diagnosed in 32% of the cases. Comorbidity was found in 51% of the victims. The results indicate a strong relatedness between adolescent suicide and the presence of depression, antisocial behavior, and alcohol abuse.
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PMID:Mental disorders in adolescent suicide. DSM-III-R axes I and II diagnoses in suicides among 13- to 19-year-olds in Finland. 192 74

In this article, general characteristics of suicide in the elderly are discussed. They have the highest suicide rate of any age group, are more determined to die, use "harder" methods, and seem less prone to communicate their suicidal intentions. Furthermore, it seems from recent research that the attitude toward suicide becomes more negative (i.e. no probability of suicide committed by oneself) with increasing age, but at the age of 55 men's attitudes remain negative whereas women's become positive. Approximately at the age of 65 we can see the reverse. The particular factors affecting suicide in old age, such as retirement, relocation, social support, bereavement, depression, hopelessness, mental disorders, and alcohol abuse are described. Physical illness, especially attendant on depression and feelings of hopelessness, also plays an important role.
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PMID:Suicide in the elderly: general characteristics. 193 94

This paper examines three questions regarding the relationship between marriage and mental health, specifically depression and alcohol problems. First, does marriage lead to improved mental health compared to never marrying? Second, do any mental health benefits of marriage primarily accrue to men? Third, what qualitative aspects of marriage are related to psychological disorder? We explore these questions in a longitudinal sample of young adults sampled at age 21 and again at age 24. We find no indication that marriage reduces depression. Married people do report fewer alcohol problems than the never-married but this could be due to the selection of less problematic drinkers into marriage. We also fail to find that men receive disproportionate mental health benefits from marriage. Finally, we find that marital conflict is associated with problem drinking for men and depression for women. The results indicate the importance of considering stage in the life cycle and gender-sensitive indicators of psychological disorder in studies of marriage and mental health.
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PMID:Becoming married, depression, and alcohol problems among young adults. 194 Feb 7


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