Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is generally known that growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients experience emotional instability, reduced energy, sleep disturbances, and problems with (sexual) relationships. GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) may affect mood parameters by their actions at binding sites in specific brain areas and/or by their effects on dopamine turnover in the brain. Indeed, there is substantial evidence that somatropin (growth hormone) treatment improves the quality of life (QOL) of GH-deficient patients.However, the variety of instruments used makes it questionable whether QOL in particular is affected by somatropin therapy. The measurement of QOL is subject to methodologic difficulties and is frequently not properly distinguished from health status and well-being. QOL ratings are characterized by an emphasis on mental health and health status by an emphasis on physical function, while well-being is concerned with depression, anxiety, and energy levels. Examples of instruments used to measure QOL, health status, and well-being in GH-deficient patients are the Quality of Life-Assessment of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults, the Short-Form Health Survey, and the Psychological General Well-Being Schedule, respectively. One additional problem in establishing the effects of somatropin treatment on QOL is that the QOL effects of somatropin treatment may be different for patients with isolated GH deficiency (GHD) and those with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies.Previously, in order to answer the question of whether somatropin therapy improves mood status in GH-deficient patients, we conducted a meta-analysis comparing somatropin treatment effects relative to baseline and placebo. At 3, 6, and 12 months of somatropin replacement the mood status of GH-deficient patients improved with decreasing effect sizes over time (d = 0.81, 0.55, and 0.29, respectively) from baseline. However, the median somatropin treatment period of 6 months did not improve mood status more than placebo. In a second analysis we classified the questionnaires into those on QOL, those on health status, and those on well-being, respectively, and analyzed the separate effects of pooled treatment durations of about 9 months. Somatropin replacement improved QOL with a small effect size (d = 0.18), well-being with a medium effect size (d = 0.47), and health status with a small effect size (d = 0.26).Although the separate effects of somatropin on QOL, health status, and well-being could not be compared to placebo, we concluded that somatropin treatment most likely plays a role in improving the well-being of patients with GHD. This conclusion is based on correlations that have been found between IGF-I levels and parameters of well-being, such as anxiety and depression.
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PMID:Impaired quality of life in hypopituitary adults with growth hormone deficiency : can somatropin replacement therapy help? 1687 3

Bipolar disorder can be a debilitating long-term condition characterised by extreme mood swings, ranging from elation to severe depression and sometimes coexisting mixtures of the two. This article looks at new guidance from NICE (2006) that provides recommendations for nurses on the assessment, treatment and long-term management of bipolar disorder.
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PMID:An overview of the new NICE guidelines on bipolar disorder. 1695 74

Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics--rapid, repetitive, stereotyped movements or vocalizations. Tourette syndrome typically has a prepubertal onset, and boys are more commonly affected than girls. Symptoms usually begin with transient bouts of simple motor tics. By age 10 years, most children are aware of nearly irresistible somatosensory urges that precede the tics. These urges likely reflect a defect in sensorimotor gating because they intrude into the child's conscious awareness and become a source of distraction and distress. A momentary sense of relief typically follows the completion of a tic. Over the course of hours, tics occur in bouts, with a regular intertic interval. Tics increase during periods of emotional excitement and fatigue. Tics can become "complex" in nature and appear to be purposeful. Tics can be willfully suppressed for brief intervals and can be evoked by the mere mention of them. Tics typically diminish during periods of goal-directed behavior, especially those that involve both heightened attention and fine motor or vocal control, as occur in musical and athletic performances. Over the course of months, tics wax and wane. New tics appear, often in response to new sources of somatosensory irritation, such as the appearance of a persistent vocal tic (a cough) following a cold. Over the course of years, tic severity typically peaks between 8 and 12 years of age. By the end of the second decade of life, many individuals are virtually tic free. Less than 20% of cases continue to experience clinically impairing tics as adults. Tics rarely occur in isolation, and other coexisting conditions--such as behavioral disinhibition, hypersensitivity to a broad range of sensory stimuli, problems with visual motor integration, procedural learning difficulties, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, and emotional instability--are often a greater source of impairment than the tics themselves. Emerging behavioral treatments of Tourette syndrome are based in part on an understanding of the moment-to-moment experience of somatosensory urges and motor response. With identification of specific genes of major effect and advances in our understanding of the neural circuitry of sensorimotor gating, habit formation, and procedural memory--together with insights from postmortem brain studies, in vivo brain imaging, and electrophysiologic recordings--we might be on the threshold of a deeper understanding of the phenomenology and natural history of Tourette syndrome.
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PMID:Tourette syndrome: the self under siege. 1697 Aug 64

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) do not have to be administered continuously to be effective for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), but can be given during luteal phases only. This is of practical importance, but also of theoretical interest since it suggests that the onset of action of SRIs is shorter in PMDD than in, for example depression. In this study, both continuous and intermittent SRI administration was compared with placebo, with the special purpose of analyzing if different PMDD symptoms respond differently depending on the treatment regimen. To this end, women meeting slightly modified DSM-IV criteria for PMDD (mean+/-SD age, 37+/-6.3 years) were treated for three menstrual cycles with paroxetine continuously, paroxetine during the luteal phase only, or placebo, the population completing at least one treatment cycle comprising 55-56 subjects per group. Continuous treatment with paroxetine reduced premenstrual symptoms effectively with a response rate of 85%. The effect size was highest for irritability (1.4) and lowest for lack of energy (0.5). Intermittent treatment was as effective as continuous treatment in reducing irritability, affect lability, and mood swings, but had a somewhat weaker effect on depressed mood and somatic symptoms. The study indicates that the response rate when treating PMDD with SRIs is high, and that irritability is a key target symptom. Symptoms such as irritability, affect lability, and mood swings appear to be more inclined to respond rapidly to SRIs, enabling intermittent treatment, than are, for example, the somatic symptoms.
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PMID:Placebo-controlled trial comparing intermittent and continuous paroxetine in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. 1703 33

Lithium is used in the clinical treatment of bipolar disorder, a disease where patients suffer mood swings between mania and depression. Although the mode of action of lithium remains elusive, a putative primary target is thought to be inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) activity. Two IMPase genes have been identified in mammals, the well characterized myo-inositol monophosphatase 1 (IMPA1) and myo-inositol monophosphatase 2 (IMPA2). Several lines of genetic evidence have implicated IMPA2 in the pathogenesis of not only bipolar disorder but also schizophrenia and febrile seizures. However, little is known about the protein, although it is predicted to have lithium-inhibitable IMPase activity based on its homology to IMPA1. Here we present the first biochemical study comparing the enzyme activity of IMPA2 to that of IMPA1. We demonstrate that in vivo, IMPA2 forms homodimers but no heterodimers with IMPA1. Recombinant IMPA2 exhibits IMPase activity, although maximal activity requires higher concentrations of magnesium and a higher pH. IMPA2 shows significantly lower activity toward myo-inositol monophosphate than IMPA1. We therefore screened for additional substrates that could be more efficiently dephosphorylated by IMPA2, but failed to find any. Importantly, when using myo-inositol monophosphate as a substrate, the IMPase activity of IMPA2 was inhibited at high lithium and restricted magnesium concentrations. This kinetics distinguishes it from IMPA1. We also observed a characteristic pattern of differential expression between IMPA1 and IMPA2 in a selection of tissues including the brain, small intestine, and kidney. These data suggest that IMPA2 has a separate function in vivo from that of IMPA1.
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PMID:Spatial expression patterns and biochemical properties distinguish a second myo-inositol monophosphatase IMPA2 from IMPA1. 1706 42

In this study, we analyzed the relationship between temperament and personality factors and depression in children and adolescents. Temperament was assessed with the Dimensions of Temperament Survey Revised (DOTS-R), personality with the Big Five Questionnaire-Children (BFQ-C), and depressive symptomatology with the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). The sample was made up of 535 participants (274 boys and 261 girls), aged 8 to 15 years. Results show that temperament and personality are significantly related to depressive symptomatology in children and adolescents. Those with difficult temperaments showed more depressive symptomatology, as did those with high levels of emotional instability or low levels of extraversion, openness, agreeableness or conscientiousness. Multiple regression analyses revealed greater relevance of personality variables than of temperament variables.
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PMID:Temperamental and personality variables in child and adolescent depressive symptomatology. 1729 82

The link between mood disorders and cholesterol is characterized by some contradictory data. In particular, it is not clear whether health factors are responsible for lowered cholesterol levels and mood swings. The present study tests the association between serum cholesterol level and psychological distress in women in two different post-delivery hospital settings: rooming-in (RI) and no rooming-in (no-RI). On day 3 after childbirth, 147 RI and 209 no-RI women completed the Kellner Symptom Questionnaire (SQ), which evaluates anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms and hostility. Plasma cholesterol concentration was measured on the same day. There was a significant negative correlation between cholesterol and depressive symptoms in no-RI women, but not in the RI group. However, this correlation is characterized by an extremely small effect size (-0.15). The findings of this study cast further doubt on the hypothesis of a possible association between cholesterol and depression in the general population and in mothers who have just given birth.
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PMID:Serum cholesterol concentration and distress in the initial days after childbirth. 1736 62

The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of laryngeal mask anesthesia (LMA) and spinal anesthesia on mood states in patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy. A total of 46 patients who underwent hemorrhoidectomy for grade III and IV hemorrhoids were included in this study. LMA with fentanyl plus propofol was given to 23 patients, and spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine was administered to 23 patients. Mood changes were assessed preoperatively and 2 h postoperatively with the Profile of Mood States (POMS), which consists of 65 questions that are designed to measure 6 identifiable mood states (tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion). No significant differences were noted between the 2 groups in terms of baseline POMS global and subscale scores, except for scores regarding vigor. No significant mood changes were observed after hemorrhoidectomy in patients who were given LMA; however, an increase in total POMS score was reported in patients given spinal anesthesia. These findings suggest that mood score is affected by spinal anesthesia but not by LMA in patients who are about to undergo hemorrhoidectomy.
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PMID:Effects of spinal anesthesia and laryngeal mask anesthesia on mood states during hemorrhoidectomy. 1752 74

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of standardized extract SHR-5 of rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L. in patients suffering from a current episode of mild/moderate depression. The phase III clinical trial was carried out as a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study with parallel groups over 6 weeks. Participants, males and females aged 18-70 years, were selected according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for depression, the severity of which was determined by scores gained in Beck Depression Inventory and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) questionnaires. Patients with initial HAMD scores between 21 and 31 were randomized into three groups, one of which (group A: 31 patients) received two tablets daily of SHR-5 (340 mg/day), a second (group B: 29 patients) received two tablets twice per day of SHR-5 (680 mg/day), and a third (group C: 29 patients) received two placebo tablets daily. The efficacy of SHR-5 extract with respect to depressive complaints was assessed on days 0 and 42 of the study period from total and specific subgroup HAMD scores. For individuals in groups A and B, overall depression, together with insomnia, emotional instability and somatization, but not self-esteem, improved significantly following medication, whilst the placebo group did not show such improvements. No serious side-effects were reported in any of the groups A-C. It is concluded that the standardized extract SHR-5 shows anti-depressive potency in patients with mild to moderate depression when administered in dosages of either 340 or 680 mg/day over a 6-week period.
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PMID:Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. 1799 Jan 95

This article reports the findings of a study investigating alexithymia, emotional instability, and vulnerability to stress proneness among individuals (N = 120) seeking help for hypersexual behavior. At the onset of treatment at an outpatient community clinic, subjects completed the Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS), the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R). The results of a hierarchical regression analysis revealed the best model in predicting severity of hypersexual behavior included the facets of depression and vulnerability to stress from the NEO and the Difficulty Identifying Feelings (DIF) factor of the TAS-20. Although the NEO domain of neuroticism appeared to capture the majority of variance in hypersexual behavior, the difficulty identifying feelings factor of the TAS-20 did make some modest, but significant, contribution to the severity of hypersexual behavior after controlling for depression and vulnerability to stress. These data provide evidence for the hypothesis that individuals who manifest symptoms of hypersexual behavior are more likely to experience deficits in affect regulation and negative affect (including alexithymia, depression, and vulnerability to stress). Possible reasons for these results are suggested and future recommendations for research are offered.
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PMID:Alexithymia, emotional instability, and vulnerability to stress proneness in patients seeking help for hypersexual behavior. 1822 48


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