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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A large scale chronobiological investigation was undertaken in 20 drug-free psychiatric inpatients displaying RDC major depression (endogenous subtype) in comparison to 10 healthy control subjects and 10 of the patients after clinical recovery. A series of measurements was taken 6 times a day and, in 8 of a total of 14 variables, also once a night over a period of 10 to 14 days. The following variables were assessed: mood (three different scales), performance (two tests), motor activity (three measures), salivary flow, urinary excretion of water, sodium, potassium, and free cortisol (UFC), and rectal temperature. A phase chart of the acrophases of the 8 variables with measurements taken during day and night revealed two clusters in the depressives and three in the non-depressed subjects. In the depressives, the acrophases of the mood scales clustered around the time of awakening in the morning, together with the acrophase of UFC, whereas all other acrophases clustered in the afternoon. In the non-depressed subjects, however, the mood scales reached their circadian maxima in the middle of the night around the time when sleep was interrupted to take measurements. All other acrophases corresponded roughly with those found in the depressives. The coincidence of the time course of depressed mood and cortisol excretion in the patients was interpreted as reflecting a temporal relationship between diurnal mood swings in depression and the cortisol rhythm. This interpretation was supported by the significant correlation between the acrophases of the two respective rhythms in patients showing a significant diurnal variation in mood. The mood curves of non-depressed subjects seemed unrelated to the cortisol rhythm. Probably, they mirror diurnal fluctuations of vigilance rather than fluctuations of mood. According to the literature, this rhythm is temporally related to the rhythm of melatonin secretion.
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PMID:Diurnal variation of mood and the cortisol rhythm in depression and normal states of mind. 342 15

Mood changes during the premenstrual phase have been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Although there has been significant progress in the diagnosis and etiology of major affective disorders, the relation between these disorders and menstrual changes remains controversial. There have been contradictory reports and speculations on women's susceptibility to psychiatric disorders during the premenstrual phase. We describe three patients with a history of mood swings associated with menstruation in whom major affective disorders developed, necessitating intensive psychiatric treatment or admission to hospital. Among women who manifest menstrual mood changes, manic-depressive illness may develop only in a subgroup with genetic predisposition. In such cases the possibility of postpartum mania or depression should be kept in mind in follow-up.
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PMID:Premenstrual mood changes in affective disorders. 355 71

Mood changes of interns during the internship year were studied using the Profile of Mood States (POMS), a standardized adjective checklist. All 35 interns in the University of California, Irvine-Long Beach Medical Program completed the POMS at internship orientation and at five other times during the year. Of the six mood factors measured by the POMS, four changed significantly during the testing period. Anger-hostility scores were higher (p less than 0.01) in December than at orientation and remained so throughout the year. Tension-anxiety scores were higher (p less than 0.01) and fatigue-inertia scores were lower (p less than 0.01) at orientation than at any other time during the year. Vigor-activity scores were higher (p less than 0.01) at orientation than at the end of the year. Depression-dejection and confusion-bewilderment scores did not change significantly during the study period. Recognition of these mood changes is helpful for drawing the attention of house staff and faculty members to emotional stresses of training, and for identifying issues for discussion in intern support groups.
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PMID:Stress during internship: a prospective study of mood states. 377 96

Informative and directive functions of mood in judgments of well-being were explored in both depressed and non-depressed subjects by using the weather as a natural mood manipulation. Non-depressives reported higher well-being on sunny than on rainy days. The reverse was true for depressives, who tended to report higher well-being, and were more optimistic about their future well-being, on rainy than on sunny days. That is, depressives tended to report lower well-being when they felt bad "despite" salient positive situational influences (sunny weather), and higher well-being when they could attribute their negative feelings to the weather. These results are consistent with a social information processing approach to depression. In contrast to purely cognitive models of depression this framework provides an account for naturally occurring mood swings and recognizes the contribution of mood to the maintainance of depression.
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PMID:[Mood and social information processing in depressive disorders]. 378 45

After an observation period of about 10 years a follow-up examination was made of 22 Greeks earlier exposed to torture. All had physical symptoms and about 90% of the examinees had chronic psychological symptoms which had appeared after the torture experience, the most notable of which were emotional instability, depression, passivity, fatigue and disturbed sleep. Eight of the victims had a chronic organic psychosyndrome as defined by us. The clinical picture of the torture victims is very similar to other stress-conditioned syndromes, which underlines the significance of the psychological trauma for the pathogenesis. Certain physical symptoms can be related to specific forms of torture; in this series particularly, symptoms of the feet and lower extremities can be related to 'falanga' (repeated blows to the soles of the feet). The most noticeable objective finding was unilateral atrophy of testis in 2 of the examinees caused in all probability by genital torture. Treatment of the sequelae to torture should be initiated as early as possible in the course of the illness, and studies on the effect of this treatment should be carried out.
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PMID:Psychological and physical long-term effects of torture. A follow-up examination of 22 Greek persons exposed to torture 1967-1974. 402 68

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the title applied to a broad range of physical and psychological symptoms that occur cyclically, usually seven to 14 days prior to the onset of a woman's menstruation, and disappear during menstruation. Although the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome were described more than 50 years ago, recognition of PMS by the medical establishment as a discrete condition, which requires attention and treatment, is a fairly recent development. It is estimated that 30 percent of women experience PMS in a debilitating form at some point in their lifetimes from menarche to menopause. The symptomatology of PMS is varied; it includes such psychological symptoms as irritability, depression, oversensitivity, mood swings and anxiety, in addition to such physical symptoms as water retention, breast tenderness, weight gain and migraines. This broad range of symptoms has increased the difficulty of establishing an etiology for the syndrome, and it is now suggested that there may be several processes at work, each responsible for a different aspect of PMS. Care of the PMS patient by nurse practitioners initially requires acknowledgment of the legitimacy of her condition. A detailed physical examination should be accompanied by careful interviewing to elicit the most complete picture of the patient's experience with PMS. Treatment, which can involve dietary changes, hormone or antigonadotropin administration, must be individualized according to a patient's initial symptomatology and subsequent response. At present, research is in progress which will enhance our understanding and ability to deal with PMS.
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PMID:Recognition and treatment of premenstrual syndrome. 403 42

The authors present a case report that provides support for a relationship between estrogen and the menstrual cycle on the 1 hand and affective disorders on the other. The patient in this case, a 35-year old woman, suffered from a rapid cycling affective disorder that was severely affected by her menstrual cycle and responded positively to oral contraceptives (OCs). The patient had a 24-year history of numerous manic and depressive episodes, the 1st of which coincided with menarche. She had noted that, 4 days before menses, she would experience symptoms of premenstrual tension syndrome (PMS) and often the onset of an affective episode. Treatment with a series of psychotropic agents had not been effective in controlling the number of episodes. However, the patient reported that there had been an 8-9-month period in the past when she had taken OCs and had fewer symptoms. Thus, the patient was placed on Ortho-Novum as well as imipramine. At the 9-month follow-up, she reported there had been no further episodes of depression or mania. The exact mechanism behind estrogen's psychotropic effect is unclear, although it increases the central availability of norepinephrine and induces changes in dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. Beta-endorphin levels covary with estrogen levels, and estrogen seems to affect every major neurotransmitter system. The fact that estrogen has not consistently been shown to be effective in this regard may only signify the existence of a distinct subclass of affective disorders closely linked to the menstrual cycle. This subclass may have some type of dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis that contributes to mood swings.
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PMID:Antidepressant effects of estrogen. 405 18

A 36-year-old woman was treated for a wide variety of psychiatric illnesses over a span of two decades before a diagnosis of complex partial seizures was made. Her history included poor impulse control, rage attacks, multiple suicide attempts, rapid mood swings, depression, and psychotic episodes. Bulimia, panic attacks, severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and multiple somatic complaints were also present. In retrospect, these symptoms could be attributed to complex partial seizures with cognitive and affective symptomatology, automatisms, and psychosensory symptoms, and were controlled by anticonvulsant medications. Therefore, so-called "purely" psychiatric disorders should not be diagnosed before a diagnosis of limbic epilepsy (however, this might be labeled, e.g., complex partial seizure, psychomotor seizure, psychical seizure, or temporal lobe epilepsy) has been considered.
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PMID:Complex partial seizures presenting as a psychiatric illness. 648 48

Standardized clinical interviews of 48 alcoholic patients consecutively admitted to an alcoholism treatment program revealed that 22 (46%) had suffered major depressive episodes. However, only two had the typical depressed affect at the time of the interview. Cyclic mood swings, panic attacks and hypomania were common, indicating that this was a heterogeneous group of depressed patients. The alcoholism tended to precede the onset of depression, which was then followed by the seeking of help, but the whole sequence developed over a few years, when the patients were in their early 20s. The depressed patients had more psychiatric, marital and legal difficulties than the nondepressed patients. There is a need for better definitions of affective disorders in alcoholic patients.
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PMID:Types of depression in alcoholic patients. 670 39

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was studied among the families of hospitalized borderline patients, defined by Gunderson and Singer's criteria, and compared with the families of schizophrenic and depressed control patients. Among borderline probands, 38.3% have a first-degree relative with depression, 25.5% had one with pathological mood swings, and 23.4% had one with "eccentric or peculiar behavior." There was no significant increase in the prevalence of schizophrenia among the relatives of borderline patients. Depression was more prevalent in the families of schizotypal borderlines compared with unstable or mixed-pattern patients. There were no schizophrenic diagnoses among the impaired relatives of schizotypal borderlines. A relationship is suggested between affective disorder and criteria-defined borderline disorders.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorders in the families of borderline patients. 684 17


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