Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors review the literature concerning clinical characteristics of neuroborreliosis with special focus on mental disorders. The patients develop mental disorders during the acute phase of the disease and even after several years. These disorders are often accompanied with various neurological syndromes. The authors discuss the most common mental disorders connected with neuroborreliosis: encephalopathy, cognitive disorders, dementia, depression, anxiety disorders. The paper describes the problem of neuroborreliosis in psychiatry, especially in the endemic regions.
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PMID:[Neuroborreliosis: a psychiatric problem?]. 1078 29

The balance of current evidence indicates that intrauterine exposure to infection and inflammation contributes to the risk of cerebral palsy. The mechanisms involved are not well understood and may differ in very immature versus term infants. Term infants exposed to maternal infection are predisposed to delivery room depression and neonatal encephalopathy.
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PMID:Infection, inflammation and the risk of cerebral palsy. 1098 69

Hepatic encephalopathy is suspected in non-cirrhotic cases of encephalopathy because the symptoms are accompanied by hyperammonaemia. However, the cause of the large portal-systemic shunt formation observed in these cases is not clear, as cirrhosis and portal hypertension are absent. The frequency of such cases reported in the literature is increasing with progress and spread of abdominal imaging diagnostic techniques. Some cases have been misdiagnosed as psychiatric diseases (dementia, depression and others) and consequently patients have been hospitalized in psychiatric institutions or geriatric facilities. Some paediatric cases have also been misdiagnosed. Therefore, the importance of accurate diagnosis of this disease should be strongly emphasized. Some paediatric cases have also been misdiagnosed. When psychoneurological symptoms are suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy but objective and subjective symptoms or abnormal values of liver function tests are not sufficiently indicative of liver cirrhosis, portal-systemic encephalopathy should be suspected. Abnormal angiograms of the portal vein, superior mesenteric vein or splenic vein are conclusive evidence of portal-systemic encephalopathy. Transrectal portal scintigraphy also provides information useful for detection of shunts and a quantitative estimation of shunt index. We classified the disease into five types based on whether the shunt is formed inside or outside the liver. Type I (intrahepatic type) designates cases in which shunts are located between the portal and systemic veins. Type II designates a type of intra/extrahepatic shunt that originates from the umbilical part of the portal vein and serpentines in the liver, then leaves the liver. Type III (extrahepatic type) occurs most frequently. Type IV (extrahepatic) is accompanied by shunts similar to those in type III, but hepatic pathology presents as idiopathic portal hypertension. Type V (extrahepatic) represents the congenital absence of the portal vein, where the superior mesenteric vein joins the intrahepatic inferior vena cava or the left renal vein. The prevalence of each type in our country was examined by a nationwide investigation. In addition to the conventional diet or drug treatments, obliteration by less invasive interventional radiology using a metallic coil and ethanol has recently been used more frequently than surgical occlusion of shunts. Shunt-preserving disconnection of portal and systemic circulation and partial splenic artery embolization are also performed. International investigation of the disease status and establishment of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for the disease are awaited and investigation of long-term prognosis after therapy is also necessary.
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PMID:Portal-systemic encephalopathy in non-cirrhotic patients: classification of clinical types, diagnosis and treatment. 1105 25

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most frequent neuropathologically diagnosed degenerative dementing illness. The clinical characteristics are progressive dementia, parkinsonian syndrome, fluctuations of cognitive functions, alertness, and attention, visual hallucinations (usually detailed and well described), depression, REM sleep behavior disorder, adverse responses to standard neuroleptics doses, falls, syncopes, systematized delusions, and other modalities of hallucinations. Specificity of the clinical diagnostic criteria is high (95%), and sensitivity is considerably lower. Mean age at disease onset ranges between 60 and 68 years. The male gender prevails. Disease duration is 6 to 8 years. The differential diagnoses of DLB are dementia of the Alzheimer type, Parkinson's disease, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and rarely Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The genetic background of the disease is unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission tomography can contribute to the diagnosis. Controlled pharmacological studies have so far not been published. The disease is treated with L-dopa, atypical neuroleptics, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, antihypotensive agents, and peripheral anticholinergic and alpha receptor-blocking medications to improve neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
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PMID:[Dementia with Lewy bodies]. 1113 88

Hepatic encephalopathy is considered to be a reversible metabolic encephalopathy, which occurs as a complication of hepatocellular failure and is associated with increased portal-systemic shunting of gut-derived nitrogenous compounds. Its manifestations are most consistent with a global depression of CNS function, which could arise as a consequence of a net increase in inhibitory neurotransmission, due to an imbalance between the functional status of inhibitory (e.g., GABA) and excitatory (e.g., glutamate) neurotransmitter systems. In liver failure, factors that contribute to increased GABAergic tone include increased synaptic levels of GABA and increased brain levels of natural central benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor agonists. Ammonia, present in modestly elevated levels, may also augment GABAergic tone by direct interaction with the GABAA receptor, synergistic interactions with natural central BZ receptor agonists, and stimulation of astrocytic synthesis and release of neurosteroid agonists of the GABAA receptor. Thus, there is a rationale for therapies of HE that lower ammonia levels and incrementally reduce increased GABAergic tone towards the physiologic norm.
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PMID:Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. 1123 1

Psychiatric manifestations are infrequent or rarely described in Hashimoto's encephalopathy. It usually begins like a subacute diffuse encephalopathy with confusion, tremor and other neurologic symptoms. A relapsing course is characteristic. Neither biologic nor clinical symptoms are specific but high antithyroid antibodies levels are characteristic. The diagnosis can be seriously delayed by the fact that the different symptoms implicate approaches by psychiatrists, neurologists or endocrinologists. There are two clinical types. The one presented here evaluates progressively to dementia with psychotic episodes, confusion and seizures. An early steroid treatment makes the symptoms regress without aftereffects. We have analysed the clinical and biological findings of a woman who has been admitted to different neurologic and psychiatric departments before her diagnosis was made. First clinical presentation and evolution were that of a depression. Each time the antidepressive treatment was stopped, depression relapsed in spite of an appropriate steroid treatment. Literature shows that a close link exists between depression and antithyroid antibodies whatever thyroid status. This link does still exist after adjustment of psycho-social determinants of depression. The decrease of those antibodies only reflects the decrease of inflammation. So, for the psychiatrist it is important to diagnose Hashimoto's encephalopathy without delay, especially when psychiatric manifestations are in the foreground. Furthermore, a psychiatric report should systematically be added to the clinical and biological findings in order to make a better approach of the existing links between depression and other manifestations of the disease.
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PMID:[Depression, anti-thyroid antibodies and Hashimoto encephalopathy]. 1140 65

We describe a case of a 21-year-old man with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) who presented with hypoxic ventilatory depression. He had chronic hypoventilation, which was not explained by weakness of respiratory muscles. His hypercapnic ventilatory response was not impaired. In contrast, hypoxic ventilatory depression was observed in the isocapnic progressive hypoxic response test. After exposure to hypoxic conditions, his respiratory frequency decreased and tidal volume was unchanged. The hypoxic ventilatory depression was partially blocked by pretreatment with aminophylline. In conclusion, we need to be careful with patients with MELAS who are hypoxaemic because a vicious circle of hypoxia and hypoventilation can occur.
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PMID:Hypoxic ventilatory depression in a patient with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes. 1142 97

We report about a five year-old patient suffering from tics and ADHD (attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder), aggressions, depression and emotional disorder. Furthermore, an epileptic focus and perinatal encephalopathy were diagnosed. Lofexidine (Britlofex) medication did not reduce Tic symptomatology, but showed remarkable sedative effects. Family therapy and Clonidine (Catapressan) medication reduced symptomatology significantly.
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PMID:[Therapy of tic disorders apparently of organic origin in a multi-morbid 5-year-old patient with lofexidine (Britlofex) and clonidine (Catapressan)]. 1158 98

We investigated serial electroencephalographic (EEG) changes before the onset of spasms in patients with West syndrome (WS) due to perinatal injury in order to determine whether one can predict WS or not. In preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), depression of EEG activities is commonly followed by disorganized pattern during the early neonatal period. Disorganized patterns persist until the late neonatal period, but epileptiform discharges do not appear. Epileptiform discharges usually appear during early infancy in infants who later develop WS. As the onset of WS was relatively later in preterm infants with PVL, it may be possible to select the patients at risk for secondary prevention of WS with sufficient treatment period. In term infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, all EEGs during the neonatal period did not reveal epileptiform discharges in the majority of patients. Multifocal spikes were very likely to be observed during early infancy, but hypsarrhythmia was observed immediately after their appearance. It is not always easy to select patients for prevention of WS with sufficient treatment period.
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PMID:Clinico-electrical evolution in pre-hypsarrhythmic stage: towards prediction and prevention of West syndrome. 1170 Dec 42

Prospective conventional EEG study was carried out 3-5 and 10-13 years after the Chernobyl accident (1986) in patients who had acute radiation sickness and in emergency workers in 1986 ("liquidators"). Control groups comprised healthy volunteers; veterans of the Afghanistan war with posttraumatic stress disorder; veterans with mild traumatic brain injury; and patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy. In 3-5 years after irradiation, there were irritated EEG changes with paroxysmal activity shifted to the left frontotemporal region (cortical-limbic overactivation) that were transformed 10-13 years after irradiation toward a low-voltage EEG pattern with excess of fast (beta) and slow (delta) activity together with depression of alpha and theta activity (organic brain damage with inhibition of the cortical-limbic system). Quantitative EEG is likely to be very informative for investigation of dose-effect relationships.
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PMID:EEG patterns in persons exposed to ionizing radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident: part 1: conventional EEG analysis. 1174 14


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