Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Animal data indicate that serotonin (5-HT) is a major neurotransmitter involved in the control of numerous central nervous system functions including mood, aggression, pain, anxiety, sleep, memory, eating behavior, addictive behavior, temperature control, endocrine regulation, and motor behavior. Moreover, there is evidence that abnormalities of 5-HT functions are related to the pathophysiology of diverse neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, dystonia, Huntington's disease, familial tremor, restless legs syndrome, myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, and dementia. The psychiatric disorders of schizophrenia, mania, depression, aggressive and self-injurious behavior, obsessive compulsive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, substance abuse, hypersexuality, anxiety disorders, bulimia, childhood hyperactivity, and behavioral disorders in geriatric patients have been linked to impaired central 5-HT functions. Tryptophan, the natural amino acid precursor in 5-HT biosynthesis, increases 5-HT synthesis in the brain and, therefore, may stimulate 5-HT release and function. Since it is a natural constituent of the diet, tryptophan should have low toxicity and produce few side effects. Based on these advantages, dietary tryptophan supplementation has been used in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders with variable success. This review summarizes current clinical use of tryptophan supplementation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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PMID:L-tryptophan in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. 130 30

The aim of the study was to compare the clinical features and predisposing characteristics of patients with an early onset of bulimia nervosa with those with a more typical onset. Twenty-three cases of early onset bulimia nervosa (onset age 15 or below) were compared with 23 sex- and class-matched cases of typical onset (onset age 17 to 21) using a retrospective case-control design. No difference was found in eating symptomatology between the two groups. Deliberate self-harm was more frequent in the early onset group, and there was a trend towards more depression among their relatives. Inadequate parental control occurred more often in the early onset group, but other indicators of intrafamilial disturbance did not differ in the two groups. There was also a trend for the early onset group to be exposed to more cultural stress as a result of family migration. Early onset patients were found to have a higher loading on risk factors than typical onset patients.
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PMID:Early onset bulimia nervosa: who is at risk? A retrospective case-control study. 141 88

The extent of psychotropic drug use was evaluated in California's institutionalized developmentally disabled population (N = 6,450). Mean psychotropic drug use was 35.4% for the entire population (range = 13.7% to 63.6% across institutions), with antipsychotic drug use at 26.8% (range = 11.0% to 59.6%). Psychotropic drug use was positively associated with aggression, IQ, depression, and self-injurious behavior, ps less than .0001; it was inversely associated with cerebral palsy and epilepsy. When the influence of demographic and behavioral factors was controlled, significant institutional differences in drug use remained.
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PMID:Prevalence and prediction of psychotropic drug use in California developmental centers. 271 45

Two groups of bulimic patients, one group characterized by a pattern of laxative abuse for purposes of weight control and the other group characterized by no history of laxative abuse, were compared on several behavioral variables associated with bulimia. Relative to the nonabusers, the laxative abusers were more likely to abuse diuretics; to use diet pills; to chew and spit out food; and to report a history of suicide attempts, self-injurious behavior, and prior inpatient treatment for depression.
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PMID:Laxative abuse as a variant of bulimia. 345 23

The applicability of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) with 39 mentally retarded individuals was examined. Subjects were assigned to one of three groups based upon the presence of zero, one, or two (or more) primary behaviors: unprovoked aggressive/assaultive behavior, self-injurious behavior, and severely withdrawn behavior. Chi-square analysis revealed that individuals exhibiting two or more of these types of behavior were more likely to obtain a positive DST result than were individuals exhibiting only one behavior. Results support the hypothesis that retarded persons can become depressed (as defined by the DST) and may express the depression through these behaviors. Furthermore, these results suggest that the current diagnostic criteria for depression in the retarded population need to be revised.
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PMID:Use of the dexamethasone suppression test to detect depressive disorders of mentally retarded individuals. 408 5

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) was performed for three groups of institutionalized patients with mental retardation: (a) patients with symptoms of depression, (b) nondepressed patients with other problematic behavior (aggressiveness, self-injurious behavior, or withdrawal), and (c) control subjects with no behavioral or psychiatric symptoms. Results showed that depressed patients more frequently (though not significantly) had positive DSTs and significantly higher cortisol levels compared with the other two groups. Patients with other problematic behavior did not differ from control subjects. The DST may be particularly valuable in diagnosing depression in individuals with severe mental retardation, who are often nonverbal and unable to express depressive symptoms.
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PMID:The dexamethasone suppression test as an indication of depression in patients with mental retardation. 790 20

We analyzed F-18 fluoro-deoxyglucose PET scans carried out in 18 drug-free patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS) in order to evaluate relationships between cerebral metabolism and complex cognitive and behavioural features commonly associated with this disorder. These features (obsessions and compulsions, impulsivity, coprolalia, self-injurious behavior, echophenomena, depression, and measures of attentional and visuospatial dysfunction) were associated with significant increases in metabolic activity in the orbitofrontal cortices. Similar increases, although less robust, were observed in the putamen and, in the case of attentional and visuospatial measures, in the inferior portions of the insula. On the other hand, behavioral and cognitive features were not associated with metabolic rates in other subcortical (midbrain, ventral striatum), paralimbic (parahippocampal gyrus), or sensorimotor regions (supplementary motor area, lateral premotor or Rolandic cortices), in which metabolism had, in some cases more robustly, distinguished these TS patients from controls (Braun et al., 1993). These results suggest that a subset of regions in which metabolic activity appears to be associated with the diagnosis of TS per se, may be explicitly associated with the emergence of complex behavioral and cognitive features of the illness. This is most conspicuous in the orbitofrontal cortices, and it is consistent with the observation that these features resemble the elements of a behavioral syndrome typically seen in patients with lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex.
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PMID:The functional neuroanatomy of Tourette's syndrome: an FDG-PET Study. II: Relationships between regional cerebral metabolism and associated behavioral and cognitive features of the illness. 859 26

A longitudinal study of 62 individuals with profound mental retardation was conducted to determine if direct care staff can identify behavior change prior to identifying symptoms of acute illness. Results indicate that staff were able to notice changes in sluggishness prior to the onset of illness. Self-care behavior was of borderline significance and there was no significant change in eight behavior dimensions (vocalizations, peer conflict, stereotypy, aggression, self injurious behavior, restlessness, distractibility, and depression). This finding should alert physicians and caregivers to the importance of prompt response to symptoms. Reliance on behavioral observation of direct care staff is not always sensitive enough to pick up changes in health status in less restrictive residential environments.
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PMID:Do behavior changes herald physical illness in adults with mental retardation? 914 51

Female inpatients engaged in self-injurious behavior (SIB) and females diagnosed with Dissociative Identify Disorder (DID) scored higher on the Glover Numbing Scale (GNS) than female inpatients diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The DID sample showed a multi-modal distribution of scores, and the MDD sample showed a bimodal distribution with a significant difference between the means of the two subgroups. An additional subsample of outpatient males diagnosed with MDD also evidenced a bimodal distribution of scores with a similar spread between the two means. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory did not discriminate the latter two subgroups.
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PMID:Numbing scale scores in female psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with self-injurious behavior, dissociative identity disorder, and major depression. 919 5

Although understanding of the subsistence patterns, service utilization, and HIV-risk behaviors of homeless youths and young adults in increasing, relatively little is known about the epidemiology of mental health problems in this group or the relationships between mental health problems and substance use. This study measured symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, ADHD, suicidality, self-injurious behavior (SIB), and drug and alcohol use disorder in a sample of homeless youth and young adults living in Hollywood, CA. Results indicated extremely high prevalences of mental health problems as compared with corresponding rates of mental health problems found among housed youths in previous studies. Prevalence of mental health problems differed by age and ethnicity. African Americans were at lower risk of suicidal thoughts and SIB than were those of other ethnicities. Older respondents and females were at increased risk of depressive symptoms, and younger respondents were at increased risk of SIB. Previous history of sexual abuse and/or assault was associated with increased risk of suicidality and SIB. Risk factors for drug abuse disorders included ethnicity other than African American, homelessness for 1 year or more, suicidality, SIB, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem. Risk factors for alcohol abuse disorder included male gender, white ethnicity, homelessness for 1 year or more, suicidality, and SIB. Extremely high rates of mental health problems and substance abuse disorders in this sample suggest the need for street-based and nontraditional mental health services targeted toward these youths and young adults.
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PMID:Homeless youths and young adults in Los Angeles: prevalence of mental health problems and the relationship between mental health and substance abuse disorders. 933 67


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