Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seasonal affective disorders is a form of recurrent depression that appears to be precipitated by a specific stressor (i.e., winter) and resolves spontaneously in spring or summer. The elements of winter that must contribute to SAD are unknown at this time although light deficiency most likely plays a role. It is similar to late luteal dysphoric disorder because of the circumscribed time course, range of severity and female predominance. Atypical anergic symptoms usually dominate the clinical picture but more typical anxious and agitated symptoms can be present. Onset and offset of symptoms and severity varies greatly. Fall onset is usually gradual while spring remission can be more startling and abrupt producing hypomania in some patients. Full summer remission occurs in most patients when followed prospectively and is associated with improvement in personality and biological measures. Most patients improve with light therapy but it is not known how sustained this effect is or whether it is comparable to treatment with antidepressants in similarly affected patients. BL treatment also implies a single etiological mechanism of SAD, but this is still unproven. Lights, while effective do not appear to be as effective as summer. This could be because most BL clinical trials have been too brief to actually simulate summer or because of the significant heterogeneity in population. It is important to remember that lights alone cannot replicate summer conditions. Summer light is up to ten times stronger than currently available light boxes and the season produces many other environmental and social changes. Most likely SAD will prove similar to other forms of depression in that it is a multidimensional problem which requires a variety of treatments to alleviate various aspects of the syndrome.
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PMID:Seasonal affective disorders. 201 63

Although light therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD), little research has been done to determine which light wavelengths affect treatment outcome. In this triple crossover study the authors compared 1 week of light therapy in which bright (2500 lux), full-spectrum fluorescent light, with and without blockade of the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, was used with a dim (500 lux) light control in 11 SAD patients. The dim light condition had no significant antidepressant effects as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and an atypical depressive symptom (ATYP) score. The UV-light condition significantly reduced HAM-D, BDI, and ATYP scores, whereas the UV-blocked condition significantly reduced only the ATYP score. These results suggest that the UV-spectrum in light therapy may have a differential effect on typical and atypical symptoms in SAD.
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PMID:Ultraviolet versus non-ultraviolet light therapy for seasonal affective disorder. 203 28

Seasonal Affective Disorders (SADs) are disorders of mood characterized by recurrent episodes of illness with a fixed relationship to season. Winter depression is characterized by recurrent onset of depression in the fall or winter followed by spontaneous recovery in the spring. This syndrome is responsive to treatment with bright light. The pathophysiology of depressive disorders may involve central muscarinic mechanisms. This possibility led to a series of physiological studies. The authors now report that contrary to expectation, treatment with bright light did not decrease the density of muscarinic receptors in either the hypothalamus or striatum.
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PMID:Bright light does not alter muscarinic receptor binding parameters. 206 10

Twelve subjects with winter depression who lived in the Chicago area recorded their times of going outside during daylight hours for one week during the winter and one week during the summer. These records produced estimates of the duration of daily sunlight exposure and of perceived dawn, dusk and skeleton photoperiod. There was more than twice as much sunlight exposure in summer compared to winter (3.0 vs. 1.2 h/day). The perceived skeleton photoperiod was 4-5 h longer in summer than winter, with a later perceived dusk contributing more to the lengthening than an earlier perceived dawn. The duration of sunlight exposure and perceived skeleton photoperiod in both seasons was much less than what was possible given the available daylight. These results are discussed with reference to the modern urban life style, bright light treatment of winter seasonal affective disorder, and factors which affect the perceived intensity of sunlight.
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PMID:Natural summer and winter sunlight exposure patterns in seasonal affective disorder. 208 59

Seasonal affective disorders (SADs) are disturbances of mood bearing a fixed relationship to season. Wintertime depression is the most widely accepted form of SAD. Full-spectrum, bright artificial light is the standard treatment for this syndrome. Tranylcypromine was effective in the treatment of 14 patients meeting both the National Institute of Mental Health and DSM-III-R criteria for winter depression. The average patient experienced a 91 percent reduction in depressive symptoms within 3 to 4 weeks of the initiation of this treatment. Desipramine initially appeared to be an effective treatment for winter depression. Eight patients started treatment with desipramine in October or November. One patient was unresponsive, and 8 patients appeared to be responsive but relapsed in the following 2 to 4 months. Twenty-five patients were subsequently treated with bupropion. One patient was unresponsive to bupropion, but the others experienced a substantial reduction in symptoms. Chronobiologic properties that might explain or predict the effectiveness of drugs used to treat winter depression are discussed.
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PMID:Pharmacological responsiveness of winter depression. 212 35

Thirty subjects with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and three subjects with a non-seasonal depression had a trial of phototherapy in an open assessment of the feasibility of phototherapy in clinical practice. 43% of the SAD subjects met the criteria for 'successful treatment', but none of the subjects with non-seasonal depression showed any response. Due to personal constraints, not all were able to receive light exposure up to the amount recommended. Results indicated that the more severe the atypical symptoms of depression the more likely they were to respond to phototherapy, while greater severity of 'endogenous' symptoms predicted a poor response. Several subjects used the trial to decide whether to purchase equipment to continue treatment. Follow-up information on these subjects is presented.
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PMID:Clinical experience with phototherapy. 213 70

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) patients often crave carbohydrates when depressed during the winter. We measured dietary intake using a daily Food/Drink Frequency Questionnaire in 36 SAD patients over four conditions: when depressed in winter, during light therapy (1 h 2500 lux, morning or evening), during withdrawal, and when euthymic in summer. Carbohydrate intake (both sweet and starch) in the second half of the day was elevated during winter depression and was as low after light therapy as in summer. The medial hypothalamus is hypothesised to play a key role in coupling 'mood and food' in SAD.
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PMID:The relationship of affective state to dietary preference: winter depression and light therapy as a model. 214 89

European hamsters were fed LiCl-supplemented food for a long time before, during and after the hibernating season. Long-term administration of LiCl does not suppress hibernation, which occurs normally during the first part of the experiment. Moreover lithium-treated hibernating hamsters tolerate very high plasma lithium levels. This tolerance is not explained. The results are discussed in relation with the recent theories on the similarities between depression, seasonal affective disorder and hibernation.
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PMID:Long-term lithium treatment does not suppress hibernation in European hamsters. 217 56

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a disturbance of mood bearing a fixed relationship to season. Winter depression is characterized by the onset of a depressive syndrome in the fall or winter and spontaneous remission in the spring, this condition responds to full-spectrum, bright artificial light. In the first study assessing responsiveness of winter depression to a standard pharmacologic treatment for depression, the authors found that 14 patients meeting National Institute of Mental Health criteria for winter depression responded to treatment with tranylcypromine.
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PMID:Winter depression responds to an open trial of tranylcypromine. 219 30

Seasonal affective disorder has not previously been linked with neuroanatomical abnormalities despite its relationship to biological rhythms. A 45-year-old woman is described with an arteriovenous abnormality in the right frontotemporal region who developed recurrent winter depression and summer hypomania.
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PMID:Seasonal affective disorder following brain injury. 220 22


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