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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The factor structure, reliability, and validity of a 49-item scale designed to measure Stockholm Syndrome (also referred to as "traumatic bonding" and "terror bonding"), that is, bonding with an abusive partner, were assessed for college women in heterosexual dating relationships. Factor analysis identified three major factors: Core Stockholm Syndrome, characterized by cognitive distortions and other strategies for coping with abuse; Psychological Damage, marked by depression, low self-esteem, and loss of sense of self; and Love-Dependence, typified by the feeling that one cannot survive without one's partner's love. The scale and factors had excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliabilities. They correlated negatively with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale and positively with Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez' (1979) Impact of Event Scale, Hyler and Rieder's (1987) Borderline Personality Disorder Scale, Hatfield and Sprecher's (1986) Passionate Love Scale, and Straus' (1979) Verbal Aggression and Violence scales of the Conflict Tactics Scales.
Violence Vict 1995
PMID:A scale for identifying "Stockholm syndrome" reactions in young dating women: factor structure, reliability, and validity. 855 17

Because of the scarcity of the research on the interruptions of treatment with adolescents and the clinical importance of suicide attempts in this population, the author studies the relation between these two variables. Using a group of nearly 300 adolescents, he statistically compares a certain number of socio-demographic and clinical factors in adolescents who have committed suicide and those who haven't. If the global frequency of treatment interruption is comparable in both groups, a further analysis of the data shows the importance of a very intensive initial treatment program for the first group. Among the other results, like previous researches, this study points out a statistically significant relation between sexual violence and suicide attempts, as well as the frequency, also statistically higher in patients who have tried to commit suicide than in others, of a psychopathological diagnostic, in particular depression.
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PMID:[Suicidal adolescents: psychotherapy and treatment interruption. Results of a controlled study]. 865 2

Five years after an elected government took over from a military regime, Chile has enjoyed booming economic growth and some measure of political stability but the scars of the legacy left by the regime of Augusto Pinochet run deep. Alcohol and drug abuse, family violence, depression and other mental-health problems are reported by a large proportion of the population. Fear is one of the permanent consequences of the military regime, says one sociologist.
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PMID:Treatment of psychiatric problems a growth industry in midst of Chile's booming economy. 867 70

Domestic violence is a common problem that may affect more than a quarter of women. It is a complex area in which to undertake research. Studies often focus on selected populations and exhibit a diversity of design, making comparison difficult. This review focuses on physical violence by men against women partners or ex-partners, and exemplifies important issues for general practitioners. Domestic violence frequently goes undetected. This may be the result of doctor's fears of exploring an area perceived as time-consuming, where knowledge is lacking and where they feel powerless to 'fix' the situation. Women may not reveal that they are experiencing violence, sometimes because doctors are unsympathetic or hostile. Nevertheless, women wish to be asked routinely about physical abuse and want to receive immediate advice and information about their options if necessary. Women experience a range of health and social problems in association with domestic violence, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse and pregnancy complications. However, none of these features is specific enough to be useful as an indicator of violence. Therefore, doctors should routinely ask all women direct questions about abuse. This recommendation can be incorporated into guidelines, which should be implemented widely in the UK, to improve the care of women experiencing domestic violence. In parallel with this, the educational needs of general practitioners should be addressed. Further research is needed to establish the prevalence of domestic violence in women presenting to general practice and to investigate how the problem is currently being addressed. If progress is to be made in tackling domestic violence, action within primary care is just one part of this: a fundamental change in the attitudes of men towards women is required.
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PMID:Domestic violence: a hidden problem for general practice. 894 4

This study investigated the extent to which an interactional model, relative to a main effect model, predicts the relationship between childhood physical abuse, perceived social support, and various aspects of socioemotional functioning in adult women. The results indicated that perceived social support during childhood was significantly related to subsequent levels of adult depression, trait anxiety, and child abuse potential in a manner consistent with a main effect model. Childhood history of physical abuse was related only to adult child abuse potential. Implications and study limitations are discussed.
Violence Vict 1995
PMID:Childhood physical abuse, perceived social support, and socioemotional status in adult women. 870 40

Although a significant proportion of the population is gay or lesbian, physicians receive little formal training about homosexuality, and the unique health care needs of these patients are often ignored. Gay men and women may have higher rates of depression, suicide, alcoholism, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease than their heterosexual counterparts. In addition, they are at risk of being victims of violence because of their sexual orientation. Due to fear of stigmatization by the medical community, the most significant health risk for lesbians, gays, and bisexuals may be that they avoid routine health care. Gay youth are particularly vulnerable to internal and external pressures, resulting in higher rates of substance abuse, suicide, and homelessness. Older gay men and women, who generally view themselves positively, may be troubled by declining health and loneliness. Physicians can improve the health care of gay and bisexual men and women and their families by maintaining a non-homophobic attitude toward these patients, distinguishing sexual behavior from sexual identity, communicating with gender-neutral terms, and maintaining awareness of how their own attitudes affect clinical judgment. Medical educators should avoid making assumptions about the sexuality of their residents and students. Institutions need to realize that the presence of supportive heterosexual and openly gay faculty will help create an environment that fosters learning for all students. Scant research exists about the best ways to teach about the special challenges gay men and lesbians face. However, the majority of surveyed medical students prefer that issues regarding gays and lesbians be integrated throughout the entire medical school curriculum.
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PMID:Primary care of lesbian and gay patients: educating ourselves and our students. 872 Feb 29

Violence against women by their male partners is widespread and infrequently identified as a causal factor in multiple physical and psychological problems of female patients in medical and psychiatric settings. Three main countertransferences that interfere with accurate identification of battered women are described: (1) counter- identification, (2)countertransference rage, and (3) countertransference helplessness. Battering men and battered women are found in all levels of society, although younger, lower income, less-educated men who have observed parental violence in their own home are at higher risk of abusing their spouses. Additionally, antisocial personality disorder, depression, and/or alcohol and drug abuse increase the risk of male violence in the home. Contrary to popular belief, the husband-to-wife violence is usually motivated by his need to control her rather than a result of his loss of control. Battered women show no consistent prebattering risk markers, except for a history of parental violence in their family of origin. Violence against women by their male partners is a serious public health problem that has not been adequately addressed by the medical and psychiatric professions. Myths and clinical realities of battered women are described and detailed recommendations for clinical inquiry and evaluation of level of danger are given.
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PMID:Invisible victims: battered women in psychiatric and medical emergency rooms. 874 69

After a brief discussion of methodological and conceptional problems characterizing the present state of research on abuse of the elderly, results of a representative German victimization survey (n = 5711) are presented. Results show that although victimization risks generally decrease by age, intrafamily violence against elderly is more prevalent than conventional violent street crimes. Since the age-related decrease of victimization risks is more pronounced for violent victimization outside the family, the relative importance of the family-setting for violent victimization increases, i.e., most violent crimes against elderly people are committed by family and household members. Furthermore, the analysis of measures of depression and well-being reveals that intrafamily violence is at least as stressing as extrafamily violence. Based on the 1-year prevalence rate for 1991 computed for the sample under study, a conservative estimate yields a minimum victimization rate of 3.1%. Taking into account the total population of the respective age group, this leads to the estimation that every year about 340 000 people aged 60 to 75 are victims of violent acts by family and household members.
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PMID:[The elderly as victims of intrafamilial violence--results of a criminologic dark field study]. 876 15

Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in a number of mood disorders such as depression, anxiety and impulsive violence. In an attempt to dissect the contribution of individual 5-HT receptor subtypes to behavior, we have generated by homologous recombination, mutant mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor. These mice did not exhibit any obvious developmental or behavioral defect. However, the hyperlocomotor effect of the 5-HT1A/1B agonist, RU 24969 was completely absent in mutant mice, indicating that this effect is mediated by 5-HT1B receptors. Moreover, when confronted with an intruder, isolated mutant mice attacked the intruder faster and more intensely than wild-type mice, suggesting an involvement of 5-HT1B receptors in the modulation of aggressive behavior. These data might be related to the fact that a class of 5-HT1 agonists, termed serenics, have anti-aggressive properties, and with the findings that certain impulsive aggressive behaviors are associated with deficits in central serotonin.
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PMID:5-HT1B receptor knock out--behavioral consequences. 878 25

The association of depression and conduct disorder is common and often perplexing in child psychiatry. Using a systematic retrospective chart review, various symptom, demographic and family history variables were compared between depression with comorbid conduct disorder and depression alone. Variables which differed between groups were entered into a stepwise discriminative function analysis. The four variables which discriminated between groups were anxiety, witness to family violence, illegal behavior, and impulsive behavior. The strongest discriminating variable, anxiety, was associated with depression without comorbid conduct disorder. These results emphasize the heterogeneity of childhood depression and potential importance of anxiety.
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PMID:Comorbidity of major depression and conduct disorder. 882 21


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