Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The neuromodulator serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been associated with mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and impulsive violence. To define the contribution of 5-HT receptor subtypes to behavior, mutant mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor were generated by homologous recombination. These mice did not exhibit any obvious developmental or behavioral defects. However, the hyperlocomotor effect of the 5-HT1A/1B agonist RU24969 was absent in mutant mice, indicating that this effect is mediated by 5-HT1B receptors. Moreover, when confronted with an intruder, mutant mice attacked the intruder faster and more intensely than did wild-type mice, suggesting the participation of 5-HT1B receptors in aggressive behavior.
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PMID:Enhanced aggressive behavior in mice lacking 5-HT1B receptor. 809 Dec 14

Childhood trauma experiences (e.g., sexual abuse, physical abuse, witnessed violence, and early separation experiences) and family environment characteristics were assessed with a questionnaire from a sample of depressed female inpatients; 17 were diagnosed as having borderline personality disorder (BPD), and 19 received no such diagnosis (NBPD). Significantly more BPD individuals than NBPD individuals reported histories of sexual abuse, physical abuse, and witnessed violence. Of these trauma variables, sexual abuse emerged as the only significant predictor of dimensional BPD score, even after physical abuse, subjective depression score, diagnostic differences between groups, and family environment were controlled. Early separation experiences were nonsignificantly different between groups. Although the BPD families were reported to be distinctive for several different family environment characteristics, the control dimension significantly predicted dimensional borderline score even after sexual abuse was controlled. These results suggest that sexual abuse and general family environment need further study for a fuller understanding of BPD symptomatology.
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PMID:Early family environments and traumatic experiences associated with borderline personality disorder. 811 85

This study examined the relationship between the development of PTSD and selected victim and event characteristics. The sample consisted of 69 girls and 21 boys (mean age = 12.4 years) who had been referred to a child witness preparation program following documentation of sexual abuse. Comparisons of PTSD positive (N = 44) and PTSD negative (N = 46) subgroups found significant differences on variables of age, sex, duration of the abuse, and the use of violence or coercion by the offender. Comparisons on psychological test data indicated that the PTSD subgroup significantly differed from the non-PTSD subgroup on the basis of children's abuse-related fears, anxiety, depression, and feelings of guilt related to the abuse. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that factors related to the nature and severity of the abuse and the child's self-report of guilt feelings each contributed significantly to explaining 37% of the variance in PTSD symptoms, even after the variables of receptive language ability, age, and sex were controlled. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 78.4% of the respondents. The importance of considering PTSD in relation to child sexual abuse is discussed, along with limitations of the current study.
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PMID:Factors associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder among child victims of sexual abuse. 812 97

The effect of the victim-offender sexual assault relationship on women's psychological symptomatology was examined in a randomized community survey. Fourteen and one-half percent of women (N = 240) experienced a sexual assault in adulthood. Assaults committed by strangers, acquaintances, and intimates were compared using both chi-square and two-way analyses of variance. Few differences were found in sexual assault experiences according to the victim-offender relationship. Offender use of violence showed a curvilinear relationship with degree of closeness of the victim-offender relationship, whereas victim resistance did not vary according to the victim-offender relationship. Analyses of psychological symptom measures showed that sexual distress was more common for women attacked by intimates, fear/anxiety was more common for women assaulted by strangers and depression did not vary according to the victim-offender relationship.
Violence Vict 1993
PMID:Victim-offender relationship and sexual assault. 819 54

The purpose of this study is to investigate the daily life and care condition of elderly people living in Korea, and to observe the symptom of senile dementia among them. In the first survey, 713 subjects were screened and 42 subjects were diagnosed as suffering from senile dementia. In the second survey, 26 elderly and their caregivers who agreed to participate in this program, were interviewed. The results were as follows. 1. About 25% of the 713 subjects needed some kind of help in their daily life. 2. 85% of the subjects could go out and about their houses without help. Only 5% of them had a complete or a partial loss of activity. 3. Of all the subjects, 42 were diagnosed as suffering from senile dementia. The prevalence of this disease was calculated at 5.6% in the survey. 4. Each demented elderly person had 5.3 mental symptoms on the average. Depression was observed more among women and violence was observed more among men. 5. The elderly who had a lower CPR score (Caretaker-Patient Relationship Score), indicating a poor relationship between the patient and caretaker, had a higher prevalence of mental symptoms than those who had a higher CPR score.
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PMID:[The study of senile symptoms and home care on the elderly living in Korea]. 824 57

A review of the published case reports of adverse behavioral episodes or unexpected psychopathology in patients taking benzodiazepines was undertaken in an attempt to determine if these adverse or unexpected events are more likely to occur with alprazolam when compared with other currently marketed benzodiazepines. Adverse behavioral phenomena and unexpected psychopathology were divided into the following categories: (1) anger or violence, (2) impulsive, suicidal, or self-harming behavior, (3) depression, (4) mania, (5) schizophrenia, (6) withdrawal syndromes and (7) physical dependence and abuse liability. It is difficult to draw conclusions from this literature because of the limitations of spontaneously reported cases and the lack of epidemiologic studies. Despite these limitations, it appears that some differences between alprazolam and older benzodiazepines may exist. The older benzodiazepines are more commonly reported to have adverse events than alprazolam (with the exception of mania or hypomania). On the other hand, worsening in post-traumatic stress disorder and an increase in impulsive behavior in patients with borderline personality disorder have only been reported in patients receiving alprazolam. This is probably explained by the fact that only alprazolam has been used to any great extent in these conditions.
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PMID:Adverse behavioral events reported in patients taking alprazolam and other benzodiazepines. 826 90

A comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to address the possible association of fluoxetine with violence or aggression. Data from the United States Investigational New Drug Clinical Trial Databases for approved and potential indications (depression, obesity, bulimia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder, smoking cessation, alcoholism; n = 3992) were evaluated. Statistically significantly fewer fluoxetine-treated patients (0.15%) than placebo-treated patients (0.65%) experienced events suggestive of aggression (hostility, personality disorder, antisocial reaction). A relative risk analysis indicated that aggression events were four times more likely to occur in placebo-treated patients than in fluoxetine-treated patients. Although the possibility that some rare phenomenon was not detected cannot be excluded, this meta-analysis did not show fluoxetine to be associated with an increased risk of emergence of violent or aggressive behaviour.
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PMID:Fluoxetine not associated with increased aggression in controlled clinical trials. 827 48

Distributional properties and correlates of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) were presented for a sample (n = 221) of low-income, African-American youths between 7 and 18 years of age. The results showed that younger children and those living in a household without their mother reported more depressive symptoms. Regression analyses revealed that victims of violence reported more depressive symptoms. However, chronic exposure to violence, in the form of witnessing violent acts, was not significantly related to depression. On further inspection, it was discovered that witnessing violence had a negative effect on depression. This finding, although somewhat unexpected, may be the result of some youths possessing a set of extraordinary coping mechanisms that help to insulate them from negative environmental experiences.
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PMID:Exposure to violence and presence of depression among low-income, African-American youth. 832 56

In order to evaluate lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and prevalence of dyssocial behaviors among self-reported child abusers, three large databases of clinical, community, and family study subjects were examined. Subjects who had acted as parents and who reported any episodes of child battery were compared to those without any history of child battery on prevalence of psychiatric disorders and dyssocial behaviors. Overall, 4% of subjects from the community sample reported child abuse. Abusers not selected through alcoholism treatment were more likely to receive diagnoses of alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder, and major depression. Those selected through alcoholism treatment were more likely to have antisocial personality disorder. Abusers in general were found to have a history of disciplinary problems, property destruction, and as adults to engage in other violent behaviors. It was concluded that self-identified child abusers have increased lifetime rates of antisocial personality disorder, alcoholism, and depression. The association between child abuse and other violence is not explained by selection of cases through the medical or legal systems.
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PMID:Psychiatric diagnoses of self-reported child abusers. 840 49

Most issues of emotional health seen in primary care do not fit standard psychiatric labelling. An integrative model is described for understanding the relationships between stress, control and dependent behaviours with clinical utility for primary care. In this model, expectations disease occurs when expectations consistently disable rather than enable. This clinical diagnosis is characterized by five disorders of control which contribute to recurring episodes of loss of control. Disorders of control include, 1) unmet or excessive need for control, 2) impaired recognition of controllability, 3) misattribution of control, 4) control dissimulation and 5) fear of loss of control. Definitions and behavioural consequences for each control disorder are described. Loss of control is defined as a cascade of behaviours invoked to avoid or diminish chaotic or dissonant thinking through actions one would not deliberately choose (or not choose to the same degree) while feeling in control. Examples of loss of control include substance abuse, anger (rage or violence), binge behaviours (eating, shopping, gambling, sex, overwork), depression, panic and somatization. Loss of control paradoxically results in a transient sense of relief or shift of focus from the problem stimulus, but inevitably creates further problems over time. Expectations disease is determined not by the presence or absence of control disorders, but by the degree to which these problems exist--their chronicity, intensity and rigidity. For some, this disorder may be acute or intermittent, for others chronic; for some, a nuisance, for other, disabling. Short-term intervention for patients who present with clear distress, but unclear diagnosis is discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of the model are detailed.
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PMID:Expectations disease: a model for understanding stress, control and dependent behaviour. 847 89


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