Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study illustrates the specific immune response of chronically starved, undernourished adults after inoculation of live smallpox vaccine. It produced no adverse effect, and major vaccinial reaction was observed in all. 63% of undernourished individuals showed a fourfold or greater rise of the neutralizing antibody titre. In contrast, only 9% of normal healthy subjects could show similar response. However, the prevaccination titre was much lower in the undernourished group than in the control group, and the postvaccination titre also remained persistently lower in the former than in the latter group. Furthermore, whereas the specific humoral antibody response in the undernourished subjects was partially adequate, the development of specific cellular immunity against vaccinia was remarkably poor, indicating that smallpox vaccination in these subjects might be less effective against variola infection. This observed profound effect of chronic starvation and severe undernutrition on the immune apparatus was possibly multifactorial, protein depletion being the most important factor, as proved by the significantly low serum albumin level. The significantly low peripheral blood lymphocyte count and spectacular unresponsiveness to many antigens in these individuals suggested profound depression of the thymolymphatic system. Further, the significantly low level of neutralizing antibody in the malnourished subjects suggested that the formation of this protective antibody might necessitate the cooperation of T lymphocytes.
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PMID:Undernutrition and immunity: smallpox vaccination in chronically starved, undernourished subjects and its immunologic evaluation. 19 73

Using a semimicromethod with washed whole blood, in vitro lymphocyte responses of rabbits to intradermal infection with vaccinia virus was studied. Peritoneal exudate macrophages were infected with vaccinia in vitro to determine the time of appearance of activated macrophages. After primary infection, an increase in spontaneous incorporation of thymidine by blood cultures was found as early as 2 days postinfection. This effect was at a maximum at 7 to 10 days, with counts up to 100-fold higher than before infection. Incubation of these cultures with concanavalin A showed a marked decrease in stimulation index as compared with normals. Although only a transient stimulation with vaccinia was found during the acute infection, stimulation indexes of 2 to 3 were obtained during convalescence. Macrophages from rabbits early after infection supported vaccinia replication, whereas those at day 6 or later resisted infection. Macrophage resistance persisted for 2 to 3 weeks. The response of lymphocytes from rabbits reinfected with vaccinia after 15 weeks differed, with a small increase in spontaneous thymidine uptake, a smaller depression in concanavalin A stimulation, and a greater specific response to vaccinia. Macrophage activation occurred earlier and persisted for a longer time after secondary infection.
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PMID:Lymphocyte and macrophage responses after vaccinia virus infections. 99 67

Interferons can alter the course of virus infections by inhibiting virus replication at the intracellular level and by modifying the aspecific and specific immune response to viral antigens in body fluids and on cellular surfaces. Treatment of isolated cells with interferon renders them resistant to infections by viruses belonging to virtually any family. Knowledge of the mechanism of this effect is derived from studies employing both DNA (especially vaccinia virus and SV40) and RNA-viruses (especially picorna-, toga-, rhabdo-, reo- and retroviruses). Interferon induces multiple alterations in the level and state of intracellular regulatory molecules, leading to inhibition of virus replication at several possible steps. In the case of certain DNA viruses, transcription of viral DNA seems to be inhibited. In the case of RNA viruses the target for interferon action is mainly translation. The retroviridae constitute a special case and, in view of their analogy with the hepadnaviridae, are of particular relevance to the possible effects of interferon on the replication of HBV. Interferon inhibits one or more initial stages of primary infection of cells by transforming or nontransforming retroviruses, thereby preventing or delaying the synthesis and/or integration of viral DNA. In cells that already contain an integrated and fully expressed retrovirus genome, interferon treatment results in a reduced release of viral particles as well as a downward shift of the ratios between the numbers of infectious vs noninfectious particles. Immuno-modulatory properties of interferon which might alter the course of HBV-infection include: potentiation of cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes and macrophages; direct anti-inflammatory effects; enhancement or depression in antibody formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The mode of action of interferons in viral infections and their possible role in the control of hepatitis B. 243 72

Patients with stage II melanoma were vaccinated with vaccinia virus-induced melanoma cell lysates (VMCL). The vaccine contained viable vaccinia virus, membranous fragments and no intact nuclei. A number of antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies were detected in the vaccine including the ganglioside GD3 and DR antigens. Administration of the vaccine was associated with depression of natural killer cell activity against melanoma and K562 target cells in the first 3-6 months of treatment. Leucocyte dependent antibody (LDA) activity against melanoma cells was induced or increased in titre in approximately half of the patients studied. Continued vaccination was associated in a number of patients with a decrease in LDA titres. Studies on a small sample of patients revealed that this was associated with the development of serum factors which inhibited LDA activity. LDA activity appeared directed to non-MHC antigens on melanoma cells which were of at least two specificities. One specificity which was shared with antigens on a number of non-melanoma carcinoma cells was removed by absorption on fetal brain and may be similar to oncofetal antigens described by other workers. Reactivity against melanocytes was induced in some patients and may underline the development of vitiligo in several patients. These results suggest that vaccines prepared from VMCL may be a favourable method for increasing immune responses against melanoma.
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PMID:Phase II study of vaccinia melanoma cell lysates (VMCL) as adjuvant to surgical treatment of stage II melanoma. II. Effects on cell mediated cytotoxicity and leucocyte dependent antibody activity: immunological effects of VMCL in melanoma patients. 346 Jul 2

A comparison of viral-induced unresponsiveness of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis of mouse lymphocytes was made by culturing the cells under identical conditions in the presence of HEPES buffer in a humid-air atmosphere. The degree of PHA-induced DNA synthesis was found to vary, depending upon the type of ribonucleic acid or DNA virus treatment. Myxovirus, paramyxoviruses, Mengo virus, leukemic viruses, herpesvirus, and vaccinia virus caused a depression in responsiveness, whereas lactic dehydrogenase virus, adenovirus, and polyoma virus induced an increase in DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was significant only if the virus was added at 0 h or within the first 12 h after PHA stimulation. Time studies indicated that leukemic and nonleukemic viruses caused similar patterns in the alteration of PHA-induced DNA synthesis.
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PMID:Iron-binding catechols and virulence in Escherichia coli. 457 80

Susceptibility of eight strains of influenza A and B viruses to interferon and to poly(I) . poly(C) were determined by the plaque reduction method. All strains tested were slightly less susceptible than vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in an established line of canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The 50% plaque depression doses (PD50) of poly(I) . poly(C) for influenza A and B viruses were as high as 3.0- to 4.5-fold and 6- to 18-fold that for VSV, respectively. The amounts of interferon required to inhibit plaque formation of influenza A and B viruses by 50% were 3.0-6.2 and 7.3-15.2 units/ml, respectively. The ratio of PD50 of poly(I) . poly(C) for each strain of influenza viruses tested to that for VSV in chick embryo cells was almost the same as in MDCK cells. Furthermore, in chick embryo cells, the strains of influenza virus tested were demonstrated to be much more susceptible to poly(I) . poly(C) than both Newcastle disease virus and vaccinia virus. It is suggested that influenza viruses may be relatively susceptible to interferon and to poly(I) . poly(C).
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PMID:Susceptibility of influenza viruses to interferon and to poly(I) . Poly(C) determined by the plaque reduction method. 615 60

The coordination compound cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) was shown by Rosenberg et al. (17) to exhibit antitumour activity. Several authors have indicated limited virustatic properties of cis-DDP against bacterial, oncogenic, avipox and paramyxo viruses. In our investigations, cis-DDP significantly showed an antiviral action in vitro against enveloped DNA and RNA viruses, such as vaccinia, pseudorabies, herpes simplex type 1, Newcastle disease, influenza A/fowl plague, influenza A/Victoria 3/75, influenza A/Jena 48/78, influenza B/Johannesburg and vesicular stomatitis viruses. Out of the group of nonenveloped viruses, adenovirus type 4 and 5 were inhibited, whereas no inhibition against naked cardiovirus Mengo could be estimated. The antiviral action was proved against extracellular virus by dialysis experiments with vaccinia virus and also during the replication cycles of enveloped viruses. In trials with cell-free viruses the plaque reduction of all sensitive viruses mentioned above amounted to 100 per cent in comparison to the untreated controls caused by virus inactivation with loss of infectivity in contact with several concentrations of cis-DDP. On the other hand, the addition of the compound for one hour only immediately after infection or up to 8 hrs later produced a complete depression of further multiplication of vaccinia virus. Likewise, the replication of influenza virus A/FPV or VSV was inhibited whereas the multiplication of adenoviruses was not influenced in a comparable manner.
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PMID:[On the biological action of transition metal complexes. 3. About the antiviral activity of cis-dichloro diammine platinum (II) (author's transl)]. 627 96

We have reported that a strain of SHR have a selective depression of T-cell functions by aging, which may be due to an early appearance of natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody and a deficiency of thymic hormone. Results presented here showed that the tumor incidence in SHR by low doses of MCA was higher than those in WKA rats with normal T-cell functions. Depression of T-cell functions in SHR could be almost completely restored by allogeneic thymus grafts or injection of extracts from vaccinia virus-infected skin tissues (NSP). When immunological restoration was achieved, generation of killer T-cells against syngeneic tumor cells in SHR was induced and activity of NK cells against K-562 cells was significantly enhanced. Effect of thymus grafts or NSP on MCA-induced primary tumors in SHR was studied. Effect of thymus grafts or NSP on MCA-induced primary tumors in SHR was studied. The tumor incidence was significantly suppressed and average latent periods were also prolonged in SHR grafted with allogeneic thymus. The administration of NSP was not effective on tumor incidence but prolonged latent periods for developments of tumors. From these results, it is suggested that the SHR is a suitable animal model for investigation of role of cell-mediated immunity in carcinogenesis.
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PMID:[Immunological suppression of carcinogenesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with T-cell depression (author's transl)]. 697 36

The voltage-gated K+ channel of T-lymphocytes, Kv1.3, was heterologously expressed in African Green Monkey kidney cells (CV-1) using a vaccinia virus/T7 hybrid expression system; each infected cell exhibited 10(4) to 5 x 10(5) functional channels on the cell surface. The protein, solubilized with detergent (3-[cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid or cholate), was purified to near-homogeneity by a single nickel-chelate chromatography step. The Kv1.3 protein expressed in vaccinia virus-infected cells and its purified counterpart are both modified by a approximately 2-kDa core-sugar moiety, most likely at a conserved N-glycosylation site in the external S1-S2 loop; absence of the sugar does not alter the biophysical properties of the channel nor does it affect expression levels. Purified Kv1.3 has an estimated size of approximately 64 kDa in denaturing SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels, consistent with its predicted size based on the amino acid sequence. By sucrose gradient sedimentation, purified Kv1.3 is seen primarily as a single peak with an approximate mass of 270 kDa, compatible with its being a homotetrameric complex of the approximately 64-kDa subunits. When reconstituted in the presence of lipid and visualized by negative-staining electron microscopy, the purified Kv1.3 protein forms small crystalline domains consisting of tetramers with dimensions of approximately 65 x 65 A. The center of each tetramer contains a stained depression which may represent the ion conduction pathway. Functional reconstitution of the Kv1.3 protein into lipid bilayers produces voltage-dependent K+-selective currents that can be blocked by two high affinity peptide antagonists of Kv1.3, margatoxin and stichodactylatoxin.
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PMID:Purification, visualization, and biophysical characterization of Kv1.3 tetramers. 899 50

Following an infection or immunization, a primary CD8+ T cell response generally rises then falls rapidly before giving rise to a "memory" response. When we immunized mice with recombinant viral immunogens optimized to enhance the lytic capability of CD8+ T cells, we measured a profound depression in Ag-specific effector function after early restimulation. Indeed, a "mirror image" cytolytic capability was observed: the most powerful immunogens, as measured by cytolytic capacity 6 days after immunization, elicited the weakest secondary immune response when evaluated following an additional 6 days after restimulation. To understand the mechanism of this suppression, we examined the fate of splenocytes immunized with a vaccinia virus encoding Ag and IL-2 then restimulated ex vivo. We found that these splenocytes underwent an apoptotic cell death, upon early restimulation, that was not dependent on the engagement of the FasR (CD95). Unlike previously described mechanisms of "propriocidal cell death" and "clonal exhaustion," the cell death we observed was not an inherent property of the CD8+ T cells but rather was due to a population of splenocytes that stained positive for both the Mac-1 and Gr-1 surface markers. Deletion of these cells in vitro or in vivo completely abrogated the observed suppression of cytolytic reactivity of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. These observations could account for the apparent absence of Ag-specific immune responses after some current vaccination regimens employing powerful immunogens. Finally, our results may shed new light on a mechanism for the suppression of CD8+ T cell responses and its effect on vaccine efficacy and on immune memory.
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PMID:Apoptotic death of CD8+ T lymphocytes after immunization: induction of a suppressive population of Mac-1+/Gr-1+ cells. 982 May 4


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