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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is rather difficult to draw up a list of the drugs most frequently used during pregnancy, and to specify their action on the mother, the uterus ans the fetus bearing in mind the differences between them. This difficulty results in particular from the high number of drugs owing to: the frequency of prescriptions and selfmedication in the pregnant woman who suffers from numerous disorders, and the possibility of a pathology associated with the pregnancy or a pathology due to the pregnancy itself thereby defining the "high risk" pregnancy. On this background already modified by pregnancy, under the hold of numerous drugs, an anesthetic can be necessary in addition during labour or delivery, the frequency of which can be estimated as being approximately 20 per cent. It is not possible to study all therapeutic agents in a single communication. One can only evoke the influence of the most currently used drugs; analgesics, antibiotics, diuretics, sleeping tablets, anti-hypertensives and those aimed at the neuropsychiatric system (anti-depression agents, neuroleptics, tranquillizers) which are so frequently used at present. Finally, during labour the number of parturients who receive no drugs is rare: ocytocic and anti-spasmodic agents can also interfere with an anesthetic. All of these ideas which are more and more difficult to acquire are important to know. In fact the person in charge of the delivery must prescribe as little drugs as possible (in order to avoid multiple drug interference which is rather difficult to predict) knowing the possible action of drugs on the fetus (in order to allow best adaptation to life in our atmosphere after delivery) and foreseeing the possible necessity for an anesthetic. In his turn, the anesthetist should have a good knowledge of obstetrical physiology and pathology and the drugs capable of being used during pregnancy and labour in order to be able to choose the best adapted anesthetic. This emphasized the importance of a well integrated obstetrico-anesthetic team in which each member knows the problems of the other, with the aim of being the least possible noxious for the mother, and the future newborn, the fetus. This also emphasizes the necessity for anesthetists attached to the ostetrical unit, knowing like the obstetrician the histories of those women with "high risk" pregnancies. Obstetrical anesthetics cannot be improvised.
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PMID:[Drugs most frequently used during pregnancy and labor and their effects]. 0 86

By using DNCB delayed hypersensitivity test, the reaction of spontaneous rosette formation (RSRF) and the reaction of inhibition of leucocytes migration the authors examined 55 female patients with different forms of trophoblastic tumors of the uterus and 15 females following the removal of the mole without any signs of the disease concerned. Forty three patients showed a positive DNCB test, 93 of them were completely cured, a negative test was noted in 12 patients, only a 50% cure being observed. RSRF indicated the increased level of rosette-forming cells from 4,7--28% up to 10,3--73% in a successful treatment and its decrease down to 0--5% in the tumor progression, except 7 patients showing reduced RFC levels after the recovery. The reaction of leucocytes migration inhibition has revealed a considerable depression of leucocytes migration (MI--from 0.35 to 0.78) in 18 of 25 patients with manifestations of an acute tumor process (72%). In 7 cases no inhibition was noted, in 6--the treatment being insignificantly effective or time-consuming. In 21 (47.8%) of 27 patients without any signs of the affection there was no inhibitory effect. Leucocytes of healthy donors failed to respond to the tumor extract in either of 24 cases.
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PMID:[Immunological reactivity study of patients with uterine trophoblastic tumors]. 22 75

A single injection of endotoxin, 4 hours after administration of 150 mg/kg of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), stimulated the recovery of bone marrow hemopoietic cells that form colonies in spleen (CFU-S) or in culture (GM-CFC), of erythropoiesis, and of platelet production. Corynebacterium parvum injections had similar effects. Endotoxin-free extracts of tissues (from pregnant mouse uterus, placenta, and embryo) which have a high content of the factor(s) capable of stimulating growth of GM-CFC in vitro also stimulated recovery of CFU-S and GM-CFC when given in single injections 4 hours after 5-FU. A striking effect of both endotoxin and tissue extracts was the acceleration of the regeneration of a particular subclass of granulocyte macrophage progenitors, those capable of forming large colonies (greater than 0.25 mm) in agar. The results indicate that recovery of hemopoiesis after depression by 5-FU can be stimulated not only by injection of bacterial products, but also by injection of endotoxin-free tissue extracts which contain high levels of hemopoietic regulators.
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PMID:Effects of endotoxin and extracts of pregnant mouse uterus on the recovery of hemopoiesis after 5-fluorouracil. 31 24

Whether differences in foetoplacental weight and post-implantation mortality in rodents are secondary to heterosis and inbreeding depression or antigenic differences between mother and foetus has been a continuing controversy. To determine whether non-specific depression or stimulation of the maternal immune system affects the success of the foetoplacental allograft, groups of virgin Fischer (Ag-B1) females of similar age and weight mated with DA (Ag-B4) males were treated with daily intraperitoneal injections of: (a) saline, (b) methylprednisolone (MP), 1-0 mg/kg, (c) cyclophosphamide (CY), 3.0 mg/kg, or (d) azathioprine (AZ), 3.0 mg/kg; or they were injected intraperitoneally on the fifth day of gestation with: (a) B. pertussis, 1.0 ml, (b) C. parvum, 0.2 ml, or (c) BCG, 0.1 ml. None of the immunostimulating agents were detrimental to the progeny, but the immunosupprissive drugs caused an increased percentage of foetal deaths and foetoplacental growth retardation. The reduced foetal and placental size induced by CY or AZ could be partially blocked by simultaneous maternal treatment with BCG. Analysis of mean maternal weight gain, spleen weight assays, changes in the lymph nodes draining the uterus and comparison of data from non-pregnant animals and syngeneic pregnancies treated with these agents suggest that immunosuppressive drugs reduce foetal survival rates and produce foetoplacental growth retardation via a combination of immunological and cytotoxic mechanisms.
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PMID:A study of maternal lymphoid organs and the progeny following treatment with immunomodulating agents during pregnancy. 34 60

Prostacyclin is a new prostaglandin first demonstrated as a product of arterial microsomes and prostaglandin endoperoxide intermediates. The potential to form prostacyclin has now been demonstrated in many organs. It inhibits platelet aggregation, inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates the monkey but not the rat uterus in vivo, is a bronchodilator, is a vasodepressor on both systemic and pulmonary circulation, increases cardiac output and markedly decreases peripheral resistance. It reduced progesterone in pregnant hamsters but is not luteolytic in non-pregnant monkeys. In rats, i. v. infusion of 0.56 but not 1 mg/kg/day was tolerated without overt central nervous system depression. The depressor effect of i. v. infusions of prostacyclin in anesthetized rats was partially antagonized by a pressor reaction eliminated by nephrectomy, an effect not seen during infusions of prostaglandin.
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PMID:The general pharmacology of prostacyclin PGI2, (PGX): a new prostaglandin especially active on the cardivascular system. 36 53

The problem of psychosexual disorders following hysterectomy is reviewed. A search of the current literature suggests that a large number of women who have post-hysterectomy depression, loss of libido, or other neuroses have a previous history of depression and neurosis, that they have a generally poor knowledge of their own anatomy and physiology, or that they have received poor counselling and explanation from their own doctor. The fact that the decision to perform a hysterectomy may have been incorrect has also been suggested as a possible cause for regret for the loss of their uterus in some women, whilst in others it is often related to the concept that the uterus is the source of a woman's femininity and the loss of this organ makes her less than a woman. A regime of counselling and the use of an explanatory pamphlet is proposed for all women who are to have a hysterectomy.
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PMID:Counselling the hysterectomy patient. 56 65

Aprotinine had no significant effect in vitro on rat and frog heart, pregnant and non-pregnant rat uterus, rat duodenum, and guinea-pig ileum. On the other hand, aspecific depression of cardiac intestinal and uterine muscle was noted when concentrations higher than those recommended or clinical use were employed.
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PMID:[Aprotinin and the cardiac, intestinal and uterine musculature. Experimental studies in vitro]. 56 67

This study was carried out to confirm or refute the theory that IUDs need to be replaced every few years due to their breaking. Fracture and chemical composition of the deposit formed on 26 Lippes Loops after prolonged use (up to 7 years) were analyzed. The sediment consisted of calcium carbonate (77.2-83.1%), magnesium (.32-.41%), sodium (1.7-2%), and zinc (.14-.21%). The amount of sediment increased the longer the IUD was in the uterus without a change in chemical composition. The length of time in use also caused an increase in rigidity, a decrease in flexibility, and a decrease in the structural thickness of the IUD. After 1 year of use a pressure of 75 kg would only cause a depression while an IUD which had been in use for 5.5 years would break under a pressure of 25 kg. It is concluded that the current medical opinion stating that IUDs should be replaced every few years is a valid theory.
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PMID:Fracture and chemical composition of the deposit formed on the Lippes loop after prolonged use. 69 52

A brief survey of the literature on the side effects of oral contraceptives is given. Of the many influences on laboratory results those related to (reversible) cholestasis or to a change in protein synthesis are the most important ones. A decrease of the tolerance for glucose is sometimes observed. Few of the clinical side effects attributed to oral contraceptives can be directly correlated with the pharmaceutical action of these drugs. Many so-called side effects of the pill are due to other factors such as altered psychosociological or sexual behavior, etc. However, among users of oral contraceptives there is a significant decrease in the number of benign tumors, particularly of the breast, the uterus and the ovaries. It is still an open question if this also signifies protection against cancer. Anemias due to iron deficiency are less frequent among users of the pill. According to recent studies arterial hypertension and cholecystopathies are probably directly related to oral contraceptives, but a causal relation has not been proven for migraine, headaches, depression etc. An elevated risk for vascular complications seems to be well established: there is a 4-6-fold increase of the estimated risk for venous thrombo-embolism and a 4-9-fold increase for cerebrovascular accidents among users of oral contraceptives when compared with nonpregnant women of the same age not using the pill. Oral contraceptives act as a supplementary factor of risk which may cumulate with other similar factors, such as arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, overweight, smoking etc. Mortality due to oral contraceptives is very much 10-50 x) inferior to the one caused by delivery and the post partum state. Since the number of failures in prevention of pregnancies is less for oral contraceptives than for any other method of contraception, the overall risk of death under oral contraceptives in this age group of women is least.
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PMID:[Real and seeming side-effects of oral contraceptives with an emphasis on medical and haematological problems. Review of literature (author's transl)]. 79 Mar 74

Ketamine, currently being evaluated as an obstetric anaesthetic agent, is said to provide analgesia without depression of the protective airway reflexes or depression of the respiratory or cardiovascular systems. We have studied the effects of ketamine on the uterine blood flow, the foetus and the newborn in five monkeys (Macaca nemistrina). Uterine blood flow, (UBF) was measured by the steady-state infusion technique using tritiated water as the indicator. All of the variables were measured during a control period and again at 10 and 90 min after the administration of ketamine in doses of 2 mg/kg in three monkeys or 1 mg/kg in two. Maternal respiration was maintained at normal physiological levels without significant variation. The maternal mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV) did not change significantly, but heart rate (HR) did increase significantly following the injection of ketamine and remained increased for the duration of the study. UBF, a-v oxygen difference, and the oxygen consumption of the uterus and its contents remained stable throughout. During the intrauterine period the foetus did not seem to be affected by the two doses of ketamine. However, the three newborn monkeys delivered of the mothers who had reveived ketamine 2 mg/kg had profound respiratory depression. This was not seen in the two infants delivered from mothers receiving 1 mg/kg. Others have shown that neonatal depression is dose- and time-related. We conclude that ketamine should be administered to obstetric patients in small single doses or by continuous infusion in very low concentrations.
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PMID:Respiratory depression in newborn monkeys at Caesarean section following ketamine administration. 81 Dec 35


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