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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Women are more likely than men to show unipolar depression. A large body of epidemiological studies indicate across cultures these sex differences. Several explanations for these differences are examined and the empirical evidence for these methodological, sociological, biological, and psychological hypotheses is reviewed. Not one of these explanations adequately accounts for the magnitude of the sex differences in depression. In addition, most etiologic theories for depression do not take into account these sex differences. The need for more empirical and longitudinal research is obvious.
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PMID:[Sex differences in depression]. 195 64

The selective 5-HT1A receptor ligand ipsapirone (IPS) induces hypothermia in humans. To explore 5-HT1A receptor-mediated thermoregulation in depression, 24 subjects (12 patients with unipolar depression and 12 individually matched controls) received 0.3 mg/kg IPS or placebo in random order. Compared with controls, the depressed patients exhibited significantly attenuated hypothermic responses to IPS. The impaired hypothermic response following 5-HT1A receptor activation in unipolar depression could have resulted from subsensitivity of the (presynaptic) 5-HT1A receptor and/or related effector mechanisms, thus supporting the hypothesis that altered serotonergic activity may be present in affective disorders. Future studies of the hypothermic response to direct-acting 5-HT1A ligands, such as IPS should facilitate the assessment of 5-HT receptor function in various affective disorders and its involvement in psychotropic drug effects.
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PMID:Subsensitivity of the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptor-mediated hypothermic response to ipsapirone in unipolar depression. 197 1

The selective 5-HT1A receptor ligand ipsapirone (IPS) induces corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol secretion in humans. To explore 5-HT1A receptor-mediated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system activation in depression, 24 subjects (12 patients with unipolar depression and 12 individually matched controls) were given 0.3 mg/kg IPS or placebo in random order. Compared with controls, the depressed patients exhibited significantly decreased ACTH and cortisol responses to IPS in association with increased basal cortisol secretion. The impaired HPA response following 5-HT1A receptor challenge in unipolar depression could have resulted from glucocorticoid-dependent subsensitivity of the (post-synaptic) 5-HT1A receptor itself and/or from a defective postreceptor signaling pathway [inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein (Gi)-adenylate cyclase complex function], thus supporting the hypothesis that a disintegrated 5-HT and HPA system interaction may be present in depression. Future studies of the HPA response to direct-acting 5-HT1A ligands, such as IPS, should facilitate the assessment of 5-HT/HPA system integrity in various affective disorders and its involvement in psychotropic drug effects.
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PMID:5-HT1A receptor responsivity in unipolar depression. Evaluation of ipsapirone-induced ACTH and cortisol secretion in patients and controls. 197 79

We tested the hypothesis that self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism are related differentially to unipolar depression. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was administered along with measures of depression and anxiety to 22 depressed patients, 22 matched normal control subjects, and 13 anxiety patients. It was found that the depressed patients had higher levels of self-oriented perfectionism than did either the psychiatric or normal control subjects. In addition, depressed patients and anxious patients reported higher levels of socially prescribed perfectionism than did the normal control subjects. The results suggest that various dimensions of perfectionism may play an important role in clinical depression.
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PMID:Dimensions of perfectionism in unipolar depression. 200 79

Several lines of evidence suggest impaired right hemisphere function in depression. In order to further investigate this phenomenon, simple reaction times (RTs) to lateralized visual stimuli were studied in patients with mild unipolar depression, in patients with chronic anxiety, and in medical patients free of psychiatric symptoms. The results showed a marked slowing of RTs to left visual field (right hemisphere) stimuli in depressed patients. Anxious patients showed a trend toward an opposite asymmetry, with slower responses to right field (left hemisphere) stimuli. In the nonpsychiatric group no visual field differences were present. The results are discussed in light of two alternative interpretations: depression may engage the right hemisphere's mechanisms, interfering with its functioning at a premotor level, or it may influence the regulation of performance by arousal and vigilance mechanisms lateralized to the right hemisphere, possibly operating at an earlier sensory stage.
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PMID:Differential hemispheric asymmetries in depression and anxiety: a reaction-time study. 204 87

The familial aggregation of depressive disorders is a major cue for the etiology of depression. The review of family, twin, adoption and linkage studies demonstrates that genetic transmission is involved in the manifestation of bipolar affective disorders but it explains only part of the variance; the evidence of a genetic basis of unipolar depression is less clear; this is the case for endogenous depression, too. It ist recommended to examine if personality features may contribute to an improvement in the identification of the phenotype in genetic studies in unipolar and bipolar depression.
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PMID:[Contribution of genetics to research in the etiology of depressive diseases]. 219 4

Plasma levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were determined in 68 healthy controls and in 133 patients with mood disorder. Plasma GABA levels were significantly lower in the patients with mood disorder compared to controls. Levels of plasma GABA were similar among diagnostic groups (primary unipolar depression, bipolar depression, mania, and secondary depression). No differences in plasma GABA were found in patients classified according to family history, nor were any correlations found between plasma GABA levels and severity of depression as determined by the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. These findings support the notion that low plasma GABA may represent a biological marker for mood disorder.
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PMID:Plasma GABA in mood disorders. 223 51

Accurate diagnosis of affective disorders and of specific subtypes influences treatment decisions about whether to use psychotherapy alone or in conjunction with medication as well as which is the most appropriate choice of medication. The General Behavior Inventory was used to identify unipolar and bipolar subtypes of major affective disorder in consecutive patients in a private practice and to separate them from anxiety and adjustment disorders. This test was significantly more accurate in separating adjustment disorders from unipolar depression than the Beck Depression Inventory which tended to identify depressive symptomatology regardless of diagnosis and to miss bipolar cases. It was found to be superior to other commonly used screening tests for affective disorders in ease of administration, in choice of language, and in specificity.
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PMID:The use of the general behavior inventory to screen for affective disorders. 224 78

After a 7-day washout period, 16 subjects suffering from unipolar depression were randomly assigned to either desipramine (DMI) or DMI plus propranolol treatment for 21 days. Both groups showed a significant improvement in their scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) after 21 days of drug treatment. However, there was no significant difference in the improvement in HRSD scores between the two groups. The results of this pilot study support the need to reevaluate the popular belief that propranolol induces or worsens depression.
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PMID:Coadministration of a beta-adrenergic antagonist and a tricyclic antidepressant: a pilot study. 224 86

The purpose of this study was to compare adolescents' response pattern on specific visual tasks during acute and recovered states of depression. Twenty-three inpatient adolescents with unipolar depression were tested before and four weeks after treatment. Twenty control subjects matched in age, sex, handedness, and intelligence were tested at similar intervals. Measures included four visual spatial tasks: the Gestalt Street Completion Test, the Judgment of Line Orientation, the Hooper Visual Organization Test and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. Overall, the results indicated that depressed adolescents performed significantly more poorly than controls in all four measures during both pre-and posttest conditions. They demonstrated greatest difficulty in measures of Gestalt Closure and Judgment of Line Orientation. However, the Gestalt Closure task was the only one to be correlated to severity of depression. These findings are discussed in the light of previous research suggesting a right hemisphere dysfunction and the existence of a cognitive marker in affective disorders.
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PMID:Is there a cognitive marker in major depression? 226 93


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