Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 45 patients in whom typhoid fever was confirmed by culture of a blood sample, cefotaxime (1 gm BID) was administered intravenously for four days; if defervescence did not occur by day 5, the dosage was increased to 2 gm BID until defervescence, when it was reduced to 1 gm BID until discharge. On average, defervescence occurred on day 7 (range, day 3 to day 14), requiring a total dose of 31 gm (range, 12 to 60 gm) of cefotaxime. Relapse, occurring in three patients, was treated with co-trimoxazole. The duration of cefotaxime therapy was longer than therapy with chloramphenicol but without the risk of bone marrow depression.
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PMID:Clinical trial of cefotaxime in patients with typhoid fever. 389 2

Ninety adult Indian typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever, EF) patients and 91 controls were tested for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency using the fluorescent spot test (FST) and the quantitative methaemoglobin reduction test ( QMRT ). There was a threefold higher incidence of G6PD deficiency in North Indian EF patients (10.6%) than in controls (3.6%) (P = 0.15) which may be attributable to the greater morbidity of the G6PD-deficient EF patients; six of nine had haemolytic anaemia. A transient depression of mean erythrocyte G6PD activity was observed in a subgroup of 49 non-deficient EF patients in whom the spectrophotometric G6PD assay was done. It did not appear to be related to reticulocyte count, chloramphenicol therapy, or differences in leucocyte contamination of the haemolysate used for the G6PD assay. If this depression of G6PD activity occurs in deficient patients as well, it may help to explain the haemolysis seen in them during EF. Of the three tests used, the QMRT and the spectrophotometric assay clearly identified G6PD deficiency in males during haemolysis, whereas the FST was unreliable in this situation.
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PMID:Depression of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in enteric fever. 643 56

A longitudinal study was carried out in 40 patients with typhoid fever, 21 with infectious hepatitis and 15 with amebic liver abscess in order to determine percentual values of lymphocytes T and B in relation with age and nutritional state as compared to a normal control group. In patients with typhoid fever, a decrease of percentual values of lymphocytes T was observed starting on the second week of evolution with intensification on the third week, predominating in patients less than seven years of age and in malnourished cases (p less than 0.001) and late recovery in the group of patients less than seven years old. In patients with acute infectious hepatitis, there was depression of lymphocytes T that persisted to the eighth week and was independent of age, but more severe in the malnourished (p less than 0.001). In cases with amebic liver abscess, depression of lymphocytes T was observed during the first six weeks of evolution without relation with age or the state of nutrition, but with increased slowliness in recovery in patients under seven years. There were no disturbances in lymphocytes B nor in cutaneous response to dinitrofluorobencene (DNFB) in the three groups of patients.
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PMID:[T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood during acute infections]. 696 54

The specific antibody response to O, H and Vi antigens, levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, and C3 presence of soluble immune complexes, in vitro tests of cellular immunity and subsets of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were investigated in human volunteers after a single dose of 0.1 ml intradermal typhoid vaccination. The results indicated that typhoid vaccination induced antibody formation, slightly increased IgA levels and led to a decrease in C3 which was probably due to immune complex formation. There was also a relative increase in circulating Fc-IgG receptor-bearing lymphocytes and T-gamma cells after vaccination. In those subjects who showed specific cellular immunity before vaccination, a transient depression in lymphocyte transformation and a negative leucocyte migration inhibition test with typhoid baccilli occurred post-vaccination. These findings raised doubts over the advantages of giving typhoid vaccine during an epidemic.
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PMID:A study of humoral and cell-mediated immune response following typhoid vaccination in human volunteers. 707 25

Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Salmonella typhi were studied in 10 chronic typhoid carriers, and in healthy controls. Carriers showed impaired cellular reactivity to S. typhi antigens in the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMI). Carriers did not show a generalized depression of cell-mediated immunity in that delayed hypersensitivity skin test responses to recall antigens, peripheral blood T cell numbers, and lymphocyte transformation responses to mitogens were normal. Lymphocyte transformation in the presence of S. typhi antigen occurred to a greater extent than normal in four of six subjects tested and suggested the possibility of dissociated defects of cellular immunity. Carriers showed normal humoral immunity, as judged by antibodies to the flagellar and somatic antigens of S. typhi and S. paratyphi and to Vi antigens of S. typhi. The results suggest that the carrier state may be the consequence of a specific defect in cell-mediated immune responses to S. typhi.
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PMID:Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers. 717 10

In May 1992, 81 bacteriologically confirmed cases of typhoid fever (TF) were identified in all districts of Tabuk City in northwestern Saudi Arabia. Attack rates (AR) in residential districts ranged from 0.9-10.3 per 10,000. Confirmed cases included 9 workers in the city's referral hospital, King Khalid Hospital (AR 140/10,000), 2 in families of medical staff, 57 in the community (AR 4.4/10,000) and 13 in a local military cantonment (AR 0.8/10,000). The outbreak began with the onset of TF in the three areas within 5 days, continued for 7 weeks, and ended 2 weeks after chlorination began. Among water sources, the odds ratio (OR) was highest (2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-5.39) for water purchased from reverse osmosis (RO) plants, especially RO plants supplied by one well (ASUW) (OR = 7.05; 95% CI 2.51-20.7). The aquifer for ASUW lay partially beneath a depression where city sewage collected. Unchlorinated water samples from ASUW 1 month after the outbreak ended yielded coliforms. ASUW probably became contaminated with Salmonella typhi when KKH demand overtaxed the aquifer and drew in surface water. Membranes in RO plants using this unchlorinated well water could then become fouled with S. typhi. RO plants, which are common throughout Saudi Arabia, need close monitoring. Water for RO must be prechlorinated to prevent microbiologic fouling of the membranes.
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PMID:Typhoid fever from water desalinized using reverse osmosis. 786 42

Early and late murine tissue responses to single or fractionated low doses of heavy charged particles, fission-spectrum neutrons or gamma rays are considered. Damage to the hematopoietic system is emphasized, but results on acute lethality, host response to challenge with transplanted leukemia cells and life-shortening are presented. Low dose rates per fraction were used in some neutron experiments. Split-dose lethality studies (LD 50/30) with fission neutrons indicated greater accumulation of injury during a 9 fraction course (over 17 days) than was the case for gamma-radiation. When total doses of 96 or 247 cGy of neutrons or gamma rays were given as a single dose or in 9 fractions, a significant sparing effect on femur CFU-S depression was observed for both radiation qualities during the first 11 days, but there was not an earlier return to normal with dose fractionation. During the 9 fraction sequence, a significant sparing effect of low dose rate on CFU-S depression was observed in both neutron and gamma-irradiated mice. CFU-S content at the end of the fractionation sequence did not correlate with measured LD 50/30. Sustained depression of femur and spleen CFU-S and a significant thrombocytopenia were observed when a total neutron dose of 240 cGy was given in 72 fractions over 24 weeks at low dose rates. The temporal aspects of CFU-S repopulation were different after a single versus fractionated neutron doses. The sustained reduction in the size of the CFU-S population was accompanied by an increase in the fraction in DNA synthesis. The proliferation characteristics and effects of age were different for radial CFU-S population closely associated with bone, compared with the axial population that can be readily aspirated from the femur. In aged irradiated animals, the CFU-S proliferation/redistribution response to typhoid vaccine showed both an age and radiation effect. After high single doses of neutrons or gamma rays, a significant age- and radiation-related deficiency in host defense mechanisms was detected by a shorter mean survival time following challenge with transplantable leukemia cells. Comparison of dose-response curves for life shortening after irradiation with fission-spectrum neutrons or high energy silicon particles indicated high initial slopes for both radiation qualities at low doses, but for higher doses of silicon, the effect per Gy decreased to a value similar to that for gamma rays. The two component life-shortening curve for silicon particles has implications for the potential efficacy of radioprotectants. Recent studies on protection against early and late effects by aminothiols, prostaglandins, and other compounds are discussed.
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PMID:Tissue responses to low protracted doses of high LET radiations or photons: early and late damage relevant to radio-protective countermeasures. 1153 7

Food-borne infections are the most serious food safety problem in the world. In fact, they are responsible of millions of illnesses and thousand of deaths. Non-typhoid Salmonella infection is frequent world-wide and, although mild and self-limiting illness in normal subjects, it may cause a severe disease in patients with an immune-deficiency. Changes in the agents and in the vehicles of transmission and a higher number of patients with immune-depression have determined a world-spread of non-typhoid Salmonella infection in the last decades. The increased frequency of international travels and food commerce have been associated with outbreaks of unusual serotype of Salmonella. Moreover, drug-resistant Salmonella are emerged recently, as Ampicillin and Doxiciclin-resistant S. enteritidis or DT-104 multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium. The outbreak of Salmonella disease is also linked to diffusion of HIV infection and of other immunodeficiencies. The lack of controls in food industry, the frequent contamination of mass-distributed food products and the decreased opportunities to transmit for instruction on food safety, both in school and inside the family, are the causes of large-scale outbreaks
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PMID:[Salmonella non-typhoid infection: new epidemiological findings] 1274 40

Evidence suggests that optimism may be protective for health during times of heightened stress, yet the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, we recently showed that acute psychological stress and an immune stimulus (Typhim-Vi typhoid vaccine) synergistically increased serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and negative mood in 59 healthy men. Here we carried out further analysis of this sample to investigate the relationship between dispositional optimism and stress-induced changes in immunity and mood. Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions in which they received either typhoid vaccine or saline placebo, and then rested or completed two mental tasks. In the stress condition, optimism was inversely related to IL-6 responses, independent of age, BMI, trait CES-D depression and baseline IL-6. This relationship was present across both stress groups (combining vaccine and placebo) and was not present in the vaccine/stress group alone, suggesting that optimism protects against the inflammatory effects of stress rather than vaccine per se. Typhoid vaccine induced a significant increase in participants' circulating anti-Vi antibody levels. Stress had no effect on antibody responses overall. However, in the vaccine/stress group, there was a strong positive association between optimism and antibody responses, indicating that stress accentuated the antibody response to vaccine in optimists. Across the complete sample, more optimistic individuals had smaller increases in negative mood and less reduction in mental vigour. Together these findings suggest that optimism may promote health, by counteracting stress-induced increases in inflammation and boosting the adjuvant effects of acute stress.
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PMID:Dispositional optimism and stress-induced changes in immunity and negative mood. 1927 41

The syndrome called depression may represent the common final pathway at which different aetiopathogenic processes converge. One such aetiopathogenic process is innate immune system activation. Some depressed patients have increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and other immunologic abnormalities. It is not known whether immune system activation contributes to the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms. Supporting this possibility is the observation that in both rodents and humans, exogenous immune stimuli such as endotoxin can produce symptoms that resemble depression. A new approach to depression research would be to use immune stimuli to elicit depressive symptoms in humans. Here we review each of the symptoms elicited in humans by endotoxin administration, and compare this model to two other immune depression paradigms: interferon-alpha treatment and typhoid vaccine administration, to assess to what degree endotoxin administration represents a valid model of immune depression. We also review corresponding behavioral changes in rodents and the potential molecular pathways through which immune system activation produces each symptom.
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PMID:A critical review of human endotoxin administration as an experimental paradigm of depression. 1966 48


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