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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clomipramine is the most potent 5-HT reuptake blockade agent among the antidepressants. A comparison between the effect of clomipramine and a less powerful 5-HT reuptake blockade agent (amitriptyline) could test the hypothesis that brain 5-HT is a mediator of pain sensation. Groups of patients of either sex, with pain indication of trigeminal neuralgia, tension headache or postherpatic neuralgia, received doses of clomipramine or amitriptyline in a single blind clinical experiment. The results after three months of treatment showed that clomipramine: (1) was better than amitriptyline in treating trigeminal neuralgia; (2) tended to be better in the treatment of tension headache; and (3) amitriptyline is better in treating postherpatic neuralgia. Clomipramine was better tolerated. The results support the hypothesis that in certain pain situations, clomipramine exerts a beneficial effect, not only because of its effect on the depression and anxiety level of the patient, but also via its effects on the 5-HT brain system.
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PMID:Clomipramine and amitriptyline in the treatment of severe pain. 48 62

The outcome of treatment for trigeminal neuralgia was evaluated in 145 patients treated with cryotherapy, 265 patients treated with radiofrequency thermocoagulation and 65 patients treated with microvascular decompression. Median duration of pain relief was 6 months after cryotherapy and 24 months after thermocoagulation. Sixty-two per cent of patients were pain-free 5 years after decompression. When pain recurred after cryotherapy it affected the same sites as previously in 80% of patients. Repeated cryotherapy of mental and long buccal nerves, but not of infra-orbital nerves, gave more prolonged pain relief than initial cryotherapy. One third of cryotherapy and thermocoagulation patients had atypical facial pain after treatment. Psychometric testing suggested that levels of anxiety and depression were similarly reduced after the three treatment methods. Outcome data should be used to help new patients make informed choices about their treatment.
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PMID:Cryotherapy for trigeminal neuralgia: a 10 year audit. 191 83

Segmental inhibition was elicited in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of cats by delivering a conditioning stimulus to the maxillary nerve 100 msec before the test stimulus. Carbamazepine, baclofen, and phenytoin markedly facilitated this segmental inhibition, as well as depressing the response to an unconditioned maxillary nerve stimulus. Phenobarbital, on the other hand, usually depressed the segmental inhibition. These results suggest that drugs that relieve trigeminal neuralgia both facilitate inhibitory mechanisms and depress excitatory mechanisms in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The facilitation of inhibitory mechanisms appears to be at least as important as the depression of excitatory mechanisms and suggests that a failure of inhibitory mechanisms may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia.
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PMID:Role of inhibitory mechanisms in trigeminal neuralgia. 626 47

Depression, anhedonia, state anxiety (A-state), trait anxiety (A-trait), and self-reported pain estimate were measured in almost 500 facial pain patients. These patients were divided into 3 diagnostic categories: myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPD) [18], arthritis of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ arthritis), and trigeminal neuralgia. Three control groups were measured for comparison. They consisted of an normal, or non-patient group, a group of arthritis patients, and a group of movement disorder patients attending a neurology clinic. Among the facial pain patients and the normal controls few differences were found with regard to anhedonia and depression, The arthritis and neurology patients produced significantly higher depression and anhedonia scores than did several of the facial pain groups. Pain estimate ranged from 0 for control, to a mean of 67.6 +/- 31.3 for the trigeminal neuralgia patients with the MPD (means = 56.2 +/- 32.5) and the TMJ arthritis patients (means = 46.7 +/- 30.8) somewhat lower. Clinical variables such as duration of pain, help seeking behavior and total number of symptoms were correlated with depression but not with anhedonia scores, It is hypothesized that anhedonia is a measure separate from depression and may be more closely linked to suffering behavior that to pain behavior. Psychological variables did not discriminate among facial pain patients and in particular did not distinguish between so-called functional and organic illness.
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PMID:Depression, anhedonia and anxiety in temporomandibular joint and other facial pain syndromes. 730 2

Patients with facial pain, without overt dental disease, are often seen in both medical and dental practice. The differential diagnosis includes (a) cluster headache, in which patients have severe unilateral pains lasting 30 to 120 minutes that respond to verapamil, corticosteroids or lithium; (b) migraine, in which attacks are longer and are often accompanied by nausea and visual disturbance, and can be managed using anti-inflammatory analgesics, with or without metoclopramide, or sumatriptan, although frequent attacks are best suppressed by continuous propranolol or pizotifen; (c) trigeminal neuralgia, knifelike unilateral pains usually responsive to carbamazepine; and (d) temporal arteritis, a steadier pain very responsive to corticosteroids. There is no evidence that continuous 'idiopathic facial pain' is a result of malocclusion (i.e. the way in which the teeth fit together), and its aetiology remains obscure, although there is some biochemical evidence linking it to depression. Many patients respond to simple analgesia and firm reassurance from the physician, although antidepressant therapy (e.g. nortriptyline or dothiepin) is often of great value.
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PMID:Orofacial neuralgia. Diagnosis and treatment guidelines. 769 15

In 98 out-patients who visited our pain clinic, we evaluated their psychological status before the first examination and one month after the treatment, using self-rating depression scale (SDS) and state-trate anxiety inventory (STAI). SDS, state anxiety, and trate anxiety scores were significantly higher in the patients with pain (trigeminal neuralgia, neck-shoulder-arm pain syndrome, lumbago and psychological pain, n = 55) compared with the patients without pain (sudden deafness and facial nerve palsy, n = 43) (P < 0.01, 0.05, 0.01). Of the patients with pain, patients with psychogenic pain showed the highest score in every test. The scores of SDS and state anxiety became significantly lower one month after the treatments compared with ones before the first examination (P < 0.01). It was considered that the decline in every score was due to the treatments in our pain clinic. In patients whose score of trate anxiety before the first examination was more than 50 points, the SDS and state anxiety showed high scores even one month after the treatments. This finding suggests that these patients need psychosomatic managements.
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PMID:[Psychological evaluation of out-patients in our pain clinic using self-rating depression scale and state-trate anxiety inventory questionnaire]. 774 89

Temporal arteritis is an insidious disease which, if not recognized and treated with high-dosage oral prednisone or intravenous prednisolone, can result in unilateral or even total blindness due to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) or closure of the central artery of the retina. Unfortunately, the symptoms and clinical signs of temporal arteritis mimic those of a number of other conditions including angle-closure glaucoma, hypertension, migraine, trigeminal neuralgia, temporomandibular joint syndrome, carotid artery occlusive disease, Foster-Kennedy syndrome, and nonarteritic AION. When a patient complains of a severe pain in the temporal region, along with scalp tenderness and a feeling of malaise or depression--with or without episodes of transient loss of vision--he or she should be referred for a diagnostic work-up which includes an erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a temporal artery biopsy. We present here a review of the recent literature concerning temporal arteritis, followed by a report of an unusual case in which high-dosage prednisone therapy was effective in relieving the patient's symptoms and lowering the sedimentation rate in spite of a negative temporal artery biopsy.
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PMID:Diagnosis and management of temporal arteritis: a review and case report. 823 73

Atypical facial pain is a loose term used to encompass a wide range of facial pain syndromes including those of dental and ear, nose and throat (ENT) aetiology. Often, it is associated with psychiatric conditions like depression and psychosomatic illnesses. This facial pain typically does not follow anatomical boundaries or its explainable by present day neurophysiological understanding. The pain is often constant with no remission and is aggravated by stress. Treatment is difficult and often directed to the psychiatric cause. Surgical treatment is contraindicated. Trigeminal neuralgia on the other hand, can be effectively treated. Pain in the trigeminal distribution is paroxysmal, precipitated by trigger factors and there is no pain in between attacks. The aetiology of trigeminal neuralgia is still unknown though current thinking is that there is a peripheral disturbance or damage with cerebral brainstem disinhibition of the trigeminal apparatus. This results in a paroxysmal discharge and reverberation of pain impulses when a trigger point is elicited. Therefore, anti-epileptic drugs like tegretol can be effective in controlling trigeminal neuralgia in the majority of patients, at least in the initial stages. For unknown reasons however, medical treatment either is not effective at all from the very beginning or fails after a few years. Surgery then becomes the only available therapeutic option. If the peripheral disturbance is due to an organic cause like a tumour, surgical approaches should be directed towards its removal. Often the pain will also resolve. If the trigeminal neuralgia is of the idiopathic variety, then the surgeon has a choice of either peripheral percutaneous retrogasserian ganglionectomies or central approaches like microvascular decompression and trigeminal tractotomy.
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PMID:Facial pain: trigeminal neuralgia. 836 31

Four hundred and seventy five patients with trigeminal neuralgia underwent cryotherapy (145), radiofrequency thermocoagulation (265) or microvascular decompression 65) and were then followed up for mean time of 45 months. Outcome of treatment was assessed not only by the clinicians but also by a postal questionnaire. The presence of anxiety and depression was determined and compared to 51 patients due to undergo surgery. The median time to recurrence for the cryotherapy patients and the radiofrequency thermocoagulation patients were 6 and 24 months, respectively. At 5 years 38% of the microvascular decompression patients had had a recurrence of neuralgia. There was one operative death in the radiofrequency thermocoagulation group. Patients in all three groups were satisfied with their treatment but the questionnaires showed that clinicians under-report the recurrence of pain and post operative complications. Pre-operatively depression and anxiety are high but post-operatively only 15% were depressed. Patients need careful pre-operative assessment which includes the McGill Pain Questionnaire and they should be given a choice about which surgical method would be most suitable in their case. Printed information should be available to supplement the consultation. This would ensure the patients' expectations matched up with the results as they would be aware of possible outcomes.
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PMID:Patient's assessment of outcome after three surgical procedures for the management of trigeminal neuralgia. 837 12

The pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia remains largely unknown. "Peripheral" as well as "central" causes have been suggested. To investigate the role of serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and peptidergic systems, we determined the concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and their breakdown product, vanillylmandelic acid, in the cerebrospinal fluid of 16 patients (55.3 +/- 8.3 years) with trigeminal neuralgia. As a marker for the dopaminergic system, we determined cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of dopamine and its metabolite, homovanillic acid. As a marker for the serotonergic system, we measured cerebrospinal fluid levels of the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. In addition, levels of the neuropeptides, substance P and somatostatin, were determined. The concentration of norepinephrine (P < 0.01) and its metabolite, vanillylmandelic acid, (P < 0.05) were significantly decreased in our patients. The level of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid, was also significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Also significantly decreased was 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (P < 0.01). Substance P was significantly elevated (P < 0.05). Somatostatin was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). We hypothesize that the sum of complex neurochemical changes plays a role in the pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia. The elevated substance P could support the concept of a neurogenic inflammation in the trigeminovascular system, whereas changes in the monoaminergic transmitters and their metabolites seem to reflect a more central dysfunction possibly due to a longer duration of the disease and an accompanying depression.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides and monoaminergic transmitters in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. 915 Jun 15


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