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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Electrophysiological studies have established that the adult cerebral cortex undergoes immediate functional reorganizations after perturbations of the sensory periphery. These activity-dependent modifications are thought to be mediated via the rapid regulation of the synaptic strength of existing connections. Recent studies have implicated synaptic zinc as contributing to activity-dependent mechanisms of cortical plasticity, such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression, by virtue of its potent ability to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission. To investigate the role of synaptic zinc in cortical plasticity, we examined changes in the barrel-specific distribution of zinc in axon terminals innervating the primary somatosensory cortex of adult mice at different time points after whisker plucking. In layer IV of normal adult mice, zinc staining in the barrel field was characterized by intense staining in inter-barrel septae and low levels of staining in barrel hollows. Within 3 hr, and up to 1 week after the removal of a row of whiskers, zinc staining increased significantly in barrel hollows corresponding to the plucked whiskers. With longer survival times, levels of zinc staining gradually declined in deprived barrel hollows, returning to normal levels by 2-3 weeks after whisker removal. Increased levels of zinc staining in deprived barrel hollows were highly, negatively correlated with the length of whiskers as they regrew. These results indicate that levels of synaptic zinc in the neocortex are rapidly regulated by changes in sensory experience and suggest that zinc may participate in the plastic changes that normally occur in the cortex on a moment-to-moment basis.
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PMID:Rapid, experience-dependent changes in levels of synaptic zinc in primary somatosensory cortex of the adult mouse. 1192 27

The author is looking to the psychological consequences of chronic hair diseases through a review of the recent literature. In general those consequences are depending on the coping skills and on the personality traits. The effect of hair loss on the quality of life is similar to that of a severe psoriasis. The most important effect is a loss of self-confidence. This is enhanced by an insecure or ambivalent attachment pattern. The coping skills will therefore be different and less flexibles. Two psychiatric syndromes are first mentioned: the body dysmorphic syndrome (very slight or imaginary defect in appearance) and trichotillomania. Androgenetic alopecia leads to an important suffering in women mostly. Alopecia induced by cancer chemotherapy has been reported to cause changes in self-concept and body image. This does not return to the previous state after regrowth of hair for a majority of patients. A cosmeto-oncologic care strategy is developed in our department to improve the quality of life of the patients during this difficult coping period. Alopecia areata has an important psychiatric comorbidity: mostly anxiety and depression. Old stressful life events are frequently reported at the onset of the disease revealing a chronic stress. Those patients have difficulties to express their feelings (what is called alexithymia). With a systemic vision this is interpreted as an unconscious task of avoiding family conflicts. This conflicts are raising the anxiety of family splitting coming from early loss or death in the previous generations. A cautious family therapy helps to change those unconscious myths.
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PMID:[Psychological consequences of chronic hair diseases]. 1551 58

This study explored the impact of hair pulling on psychosocial functioning for patients diagnosed with trichotillomania (TTM; n = 28). TTM patients were compared to age and gender-matched groups of psychiatric patients without TTM (n = 28) and nonpsychiatric control volunteers (NC, n = 28) on measures of psychological distress, functioning/quality of life, and self-esteem. Results indicated that TTM patients reported more severe psychosocial impairments than did NC volunteers; however, these differences were mediated by differences in level of depression. Regression analyses indicated significant relationships between some measures of psychosocial functioning and severity of hair pulling, independent of level of depression. Finally, an interview of the impact of hair pulling on 6 domains of daily functioning (negative affect/negative self-evaluations, grooming, recreational activities, social interaction, work/housework productivity, and physical health) indicated common and wide-ranging impairments for both lifetime and current (i.e., past week) ratings. These results highlight the importance of promoting and improving resources for the clinical care of TTM patients, and provide some directions for clinicians to enhance assessment of interference caused by TTM.
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PMID:Trichotillomania: impact on psychosocial functioning and quality of life. 1589 84

Approximately 80% of women are affected by the presence of excessive hair growth in a 'male-like' pattern. Excessive facial hair in particular can be a source of distress to such women and can lead to psychological problems such as anxiety, depression and a reduced quality of life.Current cosmetic methods of hair removal include shaving, depilatories, waxing, plucking, laser, intense pulsed light (IPL) and electrolysis.A topical treatment cream such as eflornithine 11.5% can slow hair growth and thus reduce the frequency of the need for hair removal. This treatment can be used effectively in conjunction with hair removal methods.
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PMID:Guidance for the management of hirsutism. 1608 32

To compare impulsivity and compulsivity, we performed a case control study comparing a group of 20 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with a group of 20 patients with skin picking and/or trichotillomania (SP/T). The instruments used were Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Diagnosis, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Schalling Impulsivity Scale, and Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Inventories. A Multidimensional Impulsive-Compulsive Spectrum Assessment Instrument was designed for this particular study. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale scores were significantly higher in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, compared with patients with SP/T (F = 90.29; P < .001). The Hamilton Inventories and Schalling Impulsivity Scale revealed no significant intergroup differences. The Multidimensional Impulsive-Compulsive Spectrum Assessment Instrument allowed us to find 6 statistically significant differences between groups: the ability or inability to delay an impulse, quick response or action planning, feelings of pleasure or guilt during or after an act, ritualization, and whether the patient believes he/she has losses or benefits if prevented from acting. In conclusion, SP/T should deserve further attention about their classification in future versions of diagnostic manuals because, as in International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition includes these disorders in the same chapter as pathological gambling, kleptomania, pyromania and others. Despite their resemblance to compulsions, their classification under the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum needs particular phenomenological and neurobiologic investigation.
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PMID:Impulsivity and compulsivity in patients with trichotillomania or skin picking compared with patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 1676 3

There is a need for an effective medication for the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM), which is an impulse control disorder characterized by chronic hair-pulling. Topiramate has shown promising results in the treatment of impulse-control disorders. The present open-label pilot study investigated the efficacy and safety of topiramate in 14 adults with TTM. Patients received 16 weeks of flexible dose treatment (50-250 mg/day), followed by a flexible dose taper over 2-4 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Massachusetts General Hospital Hair-Pulling Scale (HPS), whereas secondary outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and the Disability Profile. A repeated measures analysis of variance on the intent-to-treat sample was implemented to evaluate treatment response. The primary outcome measure (HPS) indicated that the severity of hair-pulling in adults with TTM who completed the 16-week study (n=9) decreased significantly from baseline to the treatment endpoint (F=5.05; P=0.0002). Although the CGI-Improvement scores suggested that hair-pulling was not significantly reduced, six of nine trial completers were classified as responders. None of the other measures showed significant differences compared to baseline. Five patients dropped out owing to adverse effects. These results suggest that topiramate may be useful in the treatment of TTM. Future studies should investigate the efficacy of topiramate in an appropriately powered randomized placebo-controlled trial.
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PMID:Topiramate in the treatment of trichotillomania: an open-label pilot study. 1687 95

Like other clinical phenomena, repetitive hair pulling in African-Americans has attracted little systematic investigation. Slightly over 200 participants were recruited from a historically black university. Participants completed the Hair Pulling Scale [Stanley, M. A., Borden, J. W., Bell, G. E., & Wagner, A. L. (1994). Nonclinical hair pulling: phenomenology and related psychopathology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 119-130], the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Ten percent of the African-American sample thought about pulling out hair and 6.3% actually pulled out hair. A variety of types of affect was reported before, during, and after pulling or picking. Several statistically significant relationships were found: status as a person who thinks about pulling out hair is significantly correlated with anxiety as measured by the BAI (r=.265, p=.000), status as a person who pulls hair is significantly correlated with anxiety as measured by the BAI (p=.192, r=.007). Implications are discussed.
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PMID:Hair pulling and its affective correlates in an African-American university sample. 1699 29

In this study, the authors collected data on the demographic characteristics, phenomenology, and social and economic impact of skin picking. A total of 92 participants completed an anonymous, Internet-based survey through a link to the Trichotillomania Learning Center's home page. Results indicated that skin pickers experienced social, occupational, and academic impairment, a number of medical or mental health concerns, and financial burdens, which they attributed to skin picking. Results also revealed moderate, statistically significant relationships between skin picking severity and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and experiential avoidance. Subsequent mediational analyses demonstrated that the relationship between skin picking severity and symptoms of anxiety and depression was partially mediated by experiential avoidance. Implications, conclusions, and future areas of research are discussed.
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PMID:Phenomenological characteristics, social problems, and the economic impact associated with chronic skin picking. 1705 Jul 72

It has been identified for a long time that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) coexists with other psychiatric disorders: in over 50 percent of the OCD, patients meet the criteria for at least one axis I disorder (depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders). Depressive disorders are the most commonly co-occurring difficulties and associated with significantly higher level of impairment and distress. Eating disorders and impulse control disorders are common comorbidity in OCD. These disorders as eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, pathological gambling, share similarities in etiology, comorbidity, clinical features and treatment. Actually the notion of a spectrum of obsessive-compulsive related disorders is suggested by numerous studies.
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PMID:[Comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder]. 1743

In this paper, the relation between psychological factors and psychiatric disorders in patients with skin diseases is discussed. On the one hand psychological factors (stress, negative emotions) can influence the generation and aggravation of skin disorders (urticaria, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo), on the other hand psychological disorders can result in some skin diseases (psoriasis, atopic dermatitis). In the majority of cases the quality of life is poorly estimated by patients with skin problems. Psychodermatology is divided into three categories according to the relationship between skin diseases and mental disorders: 1) psychophysiologic disorders caused by skin diseases triggering different emotional states (stress), but not directly combined with mental disorders (psoriasis, eczema); 2) primary psychiatric disorders responsible for self-induced skin disorders (trichotillomania); and 3) secondary psychiatric disorders caused by disfiguring skin (ichthyosis, acne conglobata, vitiligo), which can lead to states of fear, depression or suicidal thoughts.
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PMID:[The role of psychological factors and psychiatric disorders in skin diseases]. 1753 93


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