Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report the case of an adult male patient with Tourette syndrome, self-injurious behavior and depression, refractory to conventional treatment, and whose symptoms remitted after electroconvulsive therapy. Serial Technetium 99m-Ethyl-Cysteinate-Dimer single photon emission tomographies were applied, before, during, and after electroconvulsive therapy. The neural substrates of this treatment process were further analyzed by woxel-wise subtracted single photon emission tomography images.
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PMID:Neurobiological substrates of electroconvulsive therapy for Tourette syndrome: a Serial SISCOM study. 1809 Jul 3

The aim of this study is to investigate the possible relationship between stressful life events, personality, and onset of Tourette syndrome in children. The study group included 93 subjects aged 7-18 years: 41 with Tourette syndrome (TS), 28 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and 24 healthy controls. Diagnoses were based on the Child Schedule for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (K-SADS). All children were tested with the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, Children's Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Beck Depression Inventory or Children's Depression Inventory, the Life Experience Survey, and the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory. The findings were compared among the groups. Subjects with Tourette syndrome and healthy controls had significantly less stressful life events than subjects with (OCD). There were no significant differences between the TS subjects and the healthy controls. This finding applied to total lifetime events, total lifetime negative events, and events in the year before and after illness onset. Subjects with TS and the healthy controls also showed a significantly lesser impact of life events than subjects with OCD. The Tourette syndrome group showed a significantly lesser impact of stressful life events than controls. Harm avoidance tended to be higher in the patients with Tourette syndrome and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder than in patients with Tourette syndrome only. There seemed to be no association between life events, diagnosis, and personality. Although there is some research suggesting that tics can be influenced by the environment, the onset of Tourette syndrome does not seem to be related to stressful life events, nor to an interaction between stressful life events and personality.
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PMID:Is onset of Tourette syndrome influenced by life events? 1821 90

Neuroligin 4 (NLGN4) is a member of a cell adhesion protein family that appears to play a role in the maturation and function of neuronal synapses. Mutations in the X-linked NLGN4 gene are a potential cause of autistic spectrum disorders, and mutations have been reported in several patients with autism, Asperger syndrome, and mental retardation. We describe here a family with a wide variation in neuropsychiatric illness associated with a deletion of exons 4, 5, and 6 of NLGN4. The proband is an autistic boy with a motor tic. His brother has Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Their mother, a carrier, has a learning disorder, anxiety, and depression. This family demonstrates that NLGN4 mutations can be associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions and that carriers may be affected with milder symptoms.
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PMID:Familial deletion within NLGN4 associated with autism and Tourette syndrome. 1823 Nov 25

Aripiprazole is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in Europe and the United States, and for bipolar disorders in the latter. Nevertheless, a review of recent literature has shown that aripiprazole has been studied in many other disorders, notably resistant depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, borderline personality, Tourette syndrome, addiction, psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents, and neurological and psychiatric disorders in the elderly (late onset delusional disorders, Alzheimer, Parkinson, and delirium). The study of aripiprazole in these numerous indications is motivated by its excellent tolerance and original pharmacological effect (partial agonistic effect on the D2 and 5-HT1A receptors, and antagonistic effect on the 5-HT2A receptors). This paper reviews the recent literature, with particular attention paid to the level of proof provided by these various studies.
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PMID:[Clinical potentialities and perspectives for the use of aripiprazole in other disorders than its classical indications. A critical analysis of the recent literature]. 1859 28

Central serotonergic and dopaminergic systems play a critical role in the regulation of normal and abnormal behaviours. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the dysfunction of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine, 5-HT) neurotransmission might underlie the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, drug abuse, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Serotonin-dopamine interaction: an overview. 1877 25

The role of smoking and nicotine in various neuropsychiatric disorders has been attracting increasing attention. Recently, investigations into the neurobiological properties of brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to an improved understanding of their role in the above disorders, alpha4beta2 and alpha7 subunit containing nAChRs are predominantly identified in the brain among all types of nAChRs composed of nine alpha (alpha2 to alpha10) and three beta (beta2 to beta4) subunits. These receptors play important roles in attention, memory, and cognition and participate in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders, Tourette's syndrome, and autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy). For the majority of these disorders, the use of nAChRs agonists may represent either a prophylactic (especially for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases) or a symptomatic treatment. The possible mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects as well as the characteristics and potential therapeutic use of new, subtype-selective nAChRs agonists are presented.
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PMID:[Role of smoking and nicotine in neuropsychiatric disorders: evidence for therapeutic role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors]. 1880 Jun 18

The neural substrates of eye movement measures are largely known. Therefore, measurement of eye movements in psychiatric disorders may provide insight into the underlying neuropathology of these disorders. Visually guided saccades, antisaccades, memory guided saccades, and smooth pursuit eye movements will be reviewed in various childhood psychiatric disorders. The four aims of this review are (1) to give a thorough overview of eye movement studies in a wide array of psychiatric disorders occurring during childhood and adolescence (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional deviant disorder and conduct disorder, autism spectrum disorders, reading disorder, childhood-onset schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorder, and anxiety and depression), (2) to discuss the specificity and overlap of eye movement findings across disorders and paradigms, (3) to discuss the developmental aspects of eye movement abnormalities in childhood and adolescence psychiatric disorders, and (4) to present suggestions for future research. In order to make this review of interest to a broad audience, attention will be given to the clinical manifestation of the disorders and the theoretical background of the eye movement paradigms.
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PMID:A review on eye movement studies in childhood and adolescent psychiatry. 1883 79

Psychotropic drugs acting on monoamine neurotransmission are major pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, Tourette syndrome, ADHD, and Alzheimer disease. Independent lines of research involving biochemical and behavioral approaches in normal and/or genetically modified mice provide converging evidence for an involvement of the signaling molecules Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) in the regulation of behavior by dopamine and serotonin (5-HT). These signaling molecules have also received attention for their role in the actions of psychoactive drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, lithium, and other mood stabilizers. Furthermore, investigations of the mechanism by which D2 dopamine receptors regulate Akt/GSK3 signaling strongly support the physiological relevance of a new modality of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling involving the multifunctional scaffolding protein beta-arrestin 2. Elucidation of the contribution of multiple signaling pathways to the action of psychotropic drugs may provide a better biological understanding of psychiatric disorders and lead to more efficient therapeutics.
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PMID:Akt/GSK3 signaling in the action of psychotropic drugs. 1892 2

Implantation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes via stereotactic neurosurgery has become a standard procedure for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. More recently, the range of neuropsychiatric conditions and the possible target structures suitable for DBS have greatly increased. The former include obsessive compulsive disease, depression, obesity, tremor, dystonia, Tourette's syndrome and cluster-headache. In this article we argue that several of the target structures for DBS (nucleus accumbens, posterior inferior hypothalamus, nucleus subthalamicus, nuclei in the thalamus, globus pallidus internus, nucleus pedunculopontinus) are located at strategic positions within brain circuits related to motivational behaviors, learning, and motor regulation. Recording from DBS electrodes either during the operation or post-operatively from externalized leads while the patient is performing cognitive tasks tapping the functions of the respective circuits provides a new window on the brain mechanisms underlying these functions. This is exemplified by a study of a patient suffering from obsessive-compulsive disease from whom we recorded in a flanker task designed to assess action monitoring processes while he received a DBS electrode in the right nucleus accumbens. Clear error-related modulations were obtained from the target structure, demonstrating a role of the nucleus accumbens in action monitoring. Based on recent conceptualizations of several different functional loops and on neuroimaging results we suggest further lines of research using this new window on brain functions.
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PMID:Contribution of subcortical structures to cognition assessed with invasive electrophysiology in humans. 1898 9

Tourette syndrome is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. It is often associated with depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, self-injurious behaviour and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In intractable patients, neuromodulation using deep brain stimulation (DBS) has widely replaced psychosurgery. Three different key structures are defined for DBS, the medial portion of the thalamus, the globus pallidus internus and the anterior limb of the internal capsule/nucleus accumbens. This is a comprehensive overview on the effect of DBS on motor and non-motor symptoms using different case series and two larger studies.
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PMID:From psychosurgery to neuromodulation: deep brain stimulation for intractable Tourette syndrome. 1900 77


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