Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred and fourteen patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome have been reviewed. Sixty-three were managed using sulpiride, and worthwhile beneficial effects occurred in 59%. Our experience with sulpiride compared to other drug treatments is discussed. The main adverse side effects of sulpiride treatment were sustained drowsiness and, possibly, depression. Tardive dyskinesia was not reported in our cohort.
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PMID:Management of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome using sulpiride. 235 4

A yin-yang hypothesis is presented linking noradrenergic activity, thromboxane, melatonin, left hemisphere functioning, and cyclic AMP on the one hand, and dopamine, beta-endorphin, calcium, right hemisphere functioning, and cyclic GMP on the other. It is further suggested that there is a yoking of NA, TXA2, serotonin and melatonin in the left hemisphere, and a similar yoking of DA, BE, calcium and cGMP in the right. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that each element (NA, TXA2, etc.) on one side can modulate or balance a corresponding element (DA, BE, etc.) on the other. It is suggested that thromboxane is the key element in noradrenergic overactivity and that not taking this into consideration has confounded much prior research. This theory takes into account information processing models as well as pharmacological data and neurochemical theory on coupling of adenylate cyclase to its hormone receptors. Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity can be obtained by inhibiting thromboxane and concomitantly activating opiate receptors. This protocol may have clinical utility in treating a wide range of disorders such as: anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, sleeplessness, withdrawal states, enuresis, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Parkinsonism, Alzheimers, dementia, anorexia, infant ruminations, essential tremor, spasticity of spinal cord injury, diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, attention deficit disorder, hyperhidrosis, and possibly AIDS.
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PMID:Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity by inhibition of thromboxane and concomitant activation of opiate receptors via dietary means. 254 22

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple involuntary motor and phonic tics associated with behavioural disturbances including obsessive-compulsive and aggressive behavior, depression and, rarely, psychosis. The relationship of GTS, presumed to be predominantly a dopaminergic disorder, and depression, presumed to be a noradrenergic-serotoninergic deficiency state, is currently poorly understood. The reports published to date on the effects of tricyclic antidepressants in GTS have been contradictory; while Messiha et al. (1976) used imipramine successfully in one GTS patient, Abuzzahab and Anderson (1973) and Fras (1978) on the other hand, found imipramine to exacerbate GTS symptoms and cautioned its usage in this syndrome. A more recent report suggested that imipramine is useful in GTS patients who exhibit symptoms of attention deficit disorder (Dillon et al., 1985). We report a patient with GTS whose depression and behaviour improved considerably when low-dose imipramine (Tofranil) was added to the regimen of anti-GTS medication. This report suggest that tricyclic antidepressants may be useful adjuncts in the management of GTS, and hints at norepinephrinergic and serotoninergic deficiencies as being components of the pathogenesis of the syndrome.
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PMID:Beneficial effects of imipramine on Tourette's syndrome. 316 8

Ninety patients with the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome were studied. A high incidence of depression, hostility, and obsessionality was found. Depression was not related to administered medication, while aggression, hostility, and obsessionality were significantly associated with some important features of the syndrome, namely copro- and echo-phenomena and a family history of tics or the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Links between psychopathology and neurological and electroencephalographic abnormalities were minimal.
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PMID:The psychopathology of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. A phenomenological analysis. 316 74

Dopamine receptor blocking drugs, commonly used in the treatment of involuntary movements, may cause potentially serious adverse effects, including tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia has not been reported with tetrabenazine, a dopamine-depleting drug. We report a follow-up in 217 patients treated with tetrabenazine for about 18 months (range, 1 to 80). The response was rated on a scale of 0 to 5 (1 = marked improvement, 4 = no response, 5 = worsening). The mean effect from tetrabenazine was rated as follows: 2.3 in 44 patients with tardive dyskinesia, 2.6 in 15 with tardive dystonia, 2.6 in 10 with Huntington's disease, 2.7 in 17 with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, 2.8 in 19 with generalized dystonia, 2.8 in 57 with Meige's syndrome, and 3.4 in 25 with other focal dystonias. Twenty-two patients with a variety of unusual movement disorders had a mean effect of 2.9. Parkinsonism occurred as a side effect in 53 patients, sedation in 28, depression in 23, anxiety in 16, insomnia in 11, and akathisia in 10. The choreatic movement disorders are most amenable to tetrabenazine therapy, but tardive and idiopathic dystonia may also be responsive. Tetrabenazine is an effective and relatively safe drug for a variety of hyperkinetic movement disorders.
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PMID:Tetrabenazine therapy of dystonia, chorea, tics, and other dyskinesias. 327 37

The unmistakable symptoms of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome are classically of muscular spasms or tics, often accompanied by uncontrolled verbal outbursts or shouting of obscenities. Anecdotal as well as clinical reports suggest that these patients also suffer some psychological distress. This study used traditional MMPI scales to evaluate the psychopathological features that may underlie or accompany this disorder. In addition, we analyzed individual items of the MMPI to learn more of the phenomenology of this disorder. Data were collected from 29 Tourette patients and 29 normal controls matched for age and sex. A multivariate analysis of the clinical MMPI scales revealed group differences in score profiles. Univariate analyses indicated that Tourette subjects scored higher on the following scales: Schizophrenia, Depression, Psychopathic Deviate, Psychasthenia and Hypochondriasis. The results indicate that Tourette patients are in considerable psychological distress.
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PMID:Psychological aspects of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. 345 22

During the last seven years 65 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome have been treated. Pimozide was used as the preferred drug because of our experience of treating other hyperkinesias which indicated fewer side-effects than with haloperidol. Of the 65 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, 59 were treated with pimozide alone or in combination with tetrabenazine or clonidine. The dose ranges of pimozide were 0.5-9 mg per day. Eighty-one percent experienced a good clinical response without side-effects. The side-effects seen in our patients were sedation, gain in weight, depression, pseudoparkinsonism and akathisia; acute dystonic reactions, blurred vision, slurred speech and xerostomia did not occur. No cases of tardive dyskinesia were seen.
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PMID:Clinical features and long-term treatment with pimozide in 65 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. 346 44

To assess conduct in Tourette syndrome (TS), 47 controls, 246 TS patients, 17 attention-deficit-disorder (ADD), and 15 ADD patients with minor tics or a family history of TS (ADD 2(0) TS) were compared for the following behaviors: running away from home, lying, stealing, starting fires, vandalism, being in trouble with the law, fighting, shouting at parents or peers, attacking others, lack of respect for adults, short temper, hurting animals, feeling full of hate, being unable to stop fighting, and problems with drugs and alcohol. With the exception of running away from home and being in trouble with the law, TS patients were significantly different from controls in all other behaviors. When the components were combined for a total conduct score, only one (2.1%) of the controls had a score greater than 13, and he had TS. By contrast, 35% of the TS patients had scores greater than 13 (P less than .0005). The correlation coefficient between the total conduct score and ADD score was .48. Although the presence of ADD was an important factor in determining conduct in TS, other factors such as depression and compulsive behavior also played a contributing role. There was little correlation between the total conduct score and the number of tics. It is estimated that among non-economically disadvantaged children, 10%-30% of conduct disorder may be due to the presence of a TS gene.
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PMID:A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. II. Conduct. 347 13

To evaluate the role of depression and mania in Tourette syndrome (TS), we have examined 246 TS patients, 17 attention-deficit disorder (ADD) patients, 15 patients with ADD associated with TS, and 47 controls, using (1) the standardized National Institutes of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule questions for a life history of major depression and/or mania and (2) a modified Beck depression score for evaluation of depression at the time of the examination. The results were combined into depression, Beck, and mania scores. Among the controls, 2.1% had a depression score greater than 9, and none had a score greater than 10. Among the TS patients, 22.9% had a score greater than 9 and the scores ranged up to the maximum of 18 (P less than .0005). None of the pure ADD patients had a score greater than 6, whereas 20% of the ADD-secondary-to-TS (ADD 2(0) TS) patients had scores greater than or equal to 9. Among grade 3 TS patients, 46.6% had scores greater than or equal to 9. There were no differences in the frequency of depression in the TS patients with or without ADD. Comparable results were obtained for the Beck depression score, except that the percent with a score greater than or equal to 8 was higher for the TS patients with ADD (23.7%) than for those without ADD (9.3%). There was a good correlation between the depression score and the Beck score (r = .63), but no correlation between the ADD-with-hyperactivity (ADDH) score and either the depression score (r = .086) or the Beck score (r = .077). Among the controls, none had a mania score greater than or equal to 4, compared with 19.1% of the total TS patients (P = less than .0005), 11.8% of the ADD patients (P = .002), and 26.6% of the ADD 2(0) TS patients (P = .0005). Although some of the mania questions would be expected to be answered positively by ADDH patients, the correlation coefficient between the ADDH scores and the mania scores was only moderate (r = .29), whereas the correlation with the depression score was much higher (r = .63). There was minimal correlation between the number of tics and either the depression score (r = .267) or the Beck score (r = .193). We conclude that depression and manic-depressive symptoms are common in TS patients and are an integral part of the disorder rather than being secondary to motor or vocal tics.
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PMID:A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. V. Depression and mania. 347 16

Twenty-five patients with various forms of dyskinesia were given tiapride for three months. Maximal dosage was 900 mg per day. A double-blind trial of tiapride versus placebo showed significantly better results in the group given tiapride. The forms of dyskinesia which responded best to tiapride were the following: iatrogenic dyskinesia, tics (Gilles de la Tourette syndrome), and chronic chorea (Huntington disease). Patients with complex dyskinesia resulting from neonatal encephalopathy or vascular disease were not improved. The protocol used in l-dopa-induced dyskinesia is described. Changes in dyskinesia and "on-off" effect following variations in tiapride and l-dopa dosage are detailed. An unequivocal, although minor, tiapride-induced parkinson syndrome was recorded in a few patients. No instances of tiapride-induced dyskinesia or akathisia were seen. The other side-effects were either psychic (depression, drowsiness, agitation) or endocrinologic (menstrual disorders, overeating, galactorrhea).
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PMID:[Clinical trial of tiapride in patients with dyskinesia (author's transl)]. 628 45


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