Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Examined was material taken from five sheep (ewes) and two weaned lambs having naturally contracted Qu rickettsiosis. Described are the clinical symptoms of the disease and the morphologic changes. The diseased animals showed rise in temperature (39.5--40.5 degrees C), loss of appetite, and depression. Some of the weaned lambs manifested slight cough and digestive troubles. Part of the animals showed nervous symptoms--tic movements of the head and limbs. Morphologically, the liver was edematired, of lower compactness, and the spleen was enlarged, the meninges being hyperemic and peppered with pinpointed hemorrhages. Histologically, a strong diffuse activation and proliferation of the liver capillary endothelium was established along with necrobiosis of the liver epithelial cells and a diffuse leukocyte infiltration. Established was also hyperplasia of the reticular cells and the lymph follicles of the spleen and the bronchial lymph nodes. The epithelial cells of the kidney tubules were involved in vacuolar dystrophy, and in the medular section there were fibroblastic proliferations with hyperemia. Inflammatory changes in the brain were also found.
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PMID:[Histopathology of Q rickettsiosis in sheep]. 60 54

Sequential assays for cell-mediated reactivity (CMR) and serum blocking factor (SBF) were performed in a group of 12 melanoma patients who were treated with one or both of the clinically available imidazole carboxamide derivatives, DTIC and TIC Mustard, in order to consider the effects of treatment and changing patterns of disease on the results of in vitro tests in individual patients. Microcytotoxicity assays and the dilute agar colony inhibition test were employed. Of the 12 patients, 8 had no change in CMR and 5 had no change in SBF. Three patients demonstrated a fall in both CMR and SBF to nondetectable levels, and 3 additional patients showed a fall in SBF only. From these results, we conclude that there is no significant depression of CMR in melanoma patients by either of the imidazole carboxamide derivatives used. The results of SBF are less conclusive and more open to question, since it is just a likely that any depression to undetectable levels may be due to a change in disease status rather than to coincident drug use. It appears that microcytotoxicity assay results on individual patients may be fortuitous and difficult to interpret, even though results seen in patients as a group indicate important trends. The microcytotoxicity assay is a useful tool for the experimental tumor immunologist, but its clinical usefulness in individual patients is limited.
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PMID:Evaluation of cell-mediated reactivity and serum blocking factors in melanoma patients on chemotherapy. 123 28

In the past 5 years, we have witnessed the continuation of important trends in clinical research that began earlier in the decade. With regard to the treatment of specific disorders in children and adolescents, the most significant developments have been the examination of the tricyclics for the treatment of depression and the initiation of controlled studies for the treatment of Tourette syndrome. Unfortunately, the findings from the depression studies have been uniformly negative, and the results of research on both depression and tic disorders show a relatively high rate of placebo responsivity, which raises nagging questions about the role of case reports and open trials. Another important trend in pediatric psychopharmacotherapy is the search for substitutes for the neuroleptics. Potential candidates include agents such as lithium, naltrexone, fenfluramine, clonidine, and carbamazepine. The most underresearched disorders are a combination of the least common (e.g. schizophrenia, mania) and those that are apparently perceived as less serious (e.g. sleep disorders, certain anxiety disorders). Not surprisingly, the most studied disorder and treatment is hyperactivity and stimulant medication, respectively. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the social implications of the associated symptoms and their response to stimulant drugs, aided greatly by the use of direct observation procedures. Researchers are beginning to attend to the implications of comorbidity for assessing response to medication. There has been additional confirmation of efficacy of stimulant treatment for preschoolers and adolescents. Dose-response issues remain to some extent unresolved, the primary impediments being interpretive misconceptions associated with trend analysis, an overreliance on the syndromal perspective and too little attention to target behaviors and their clinical implications, and the failure to operationalize the minimal effective dose with regard to the normalization and supranormalization of target and collateral behaviors. Disagreement over whether hyperactivity is a learning or a behavior disorder (or both) and what academic underproductivity means clinically and socially is also impeding progress. With regard to developmental disorders, controlled studies indicate that fenfluramine and naltrexone are effective for managing associated symptoms in some individuals. However, given the limited amount of research on these agents, their status as clinically useful palliatives must be considered tentative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Pediatric psychopharmacotherapy: a review of recent research. 137 Nov 22

Six males and one female with chronic tic disorders, whose ages ranged from 12 to 31 years, were evaluated before treatment, after 1 month on placebo, after a single 10 mg nifedipine dose (three patients), and monthly while on flunarizine 10-15 mg (mean dose of 13 mg). None of the patients receiving nifedipine improved, but treatment with flunarizine significantly decreased both motor and phonic tic severity and frequency in all but one patient. Side effects included mild transient headaches in one patient, depression in one, and bradykinesia in two. Although a double-blind study is essential to validate our findings, results suggest that flunarizine is a useful drug in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
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PMID:Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with calcium antagonists. 230 50

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a complex inherited neuropsychiatric disorder that is characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics. Stress-related fluctuations in symptom severity and medication responsiveness are common, and patients often report that tics are worsened by fatigue, emotional trauma, and anxiety. We examined the effects of lumbar puncture (LP) stress on plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol, urinary catecholamines, and self- and clinician ratings of anxiety in 13 medication-free TS patients and 10 normal controls, ages 17 to 41 years. The TS patients secreted significantly more ACTH than the normal controls in response to the stress of the lumbar puncture. Compared to the controls the TS patients had significantly greater postLP mean and postLP peak ACTH levels. The TS patients also excreted significantly more norepinephrine in the 20 hr preceding the lumbar puncture and reported higher levels of anxiety before and during the procedure than the controls. In addition, urinary norepinephrine excretion of the TS patients was significantly correlated with clinician ratings of tic severity. The results were not related to current levels of depression and anxiety. Taken together, these findings suggest that a subset of TS patients may be characterized by heightened reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and related noradrenergic sympathetic systems.
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PMID:Enhanced stress responsivity of Tourette syndrome patients undergoing lumbar puncture. 808 Sep 1

Potent inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake have clearly been established as the first-line pharmacotherapy for treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although a variety of tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors have similar efficacy in the treatment of depression and panic disorder, potent blockade of 5-HT transport appears to be a prerequisite for effective treatment of OCD. Adding agents that enhance 5-HT neurotransmission to ongoing treatment in patients whose OCD is refractory to 5-HT reuptake inhibitors has not yielded impressive results. However, the addition of low-dose dopamine (DA) antagonists to the regimens of treatment-resistant patients appears to be a potentially useful strategy for the specific subgroup of OCD patients with a comorbid chronic tic disorder such as Tourette's syndrome. Because of the toxicity associated with neuroleptics, a time-limited trial of those agents, with reassessment at regular intervals, is indicated. Pharmacologic studies suggest that both the 5-HT and DA systems may be critical to the treatment and possibly the pathophysiology of OCD.
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PMID:The pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 837 19

Stress- and anxiety-related fluctuations in tic severity are cardinal features of Tourette's syndrome (TS), and there is evidence for involvement of noradrenergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology and treatment of the disorder. To examine further the pathobiology of this enhanced vulnerability to stress and anxiety, we measured central activity of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in patients with TS and the related condition, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained in a standardized fashion for measurement of CRF from 21 medication-free outpatients with TS, 20 with OCD, and 29 healthy controls. The TS patients had significantly higher levels of CSF CRF than both the normal controls and the OCD patients. However, there was no difference in CSF CRF between the OCD patients and the normal controls. Group differences in CSF CRF were unrelated to current clinical ratings of depression, anxiety, tics, and obsessive compulsive behaviors. Although the functional significance of this finding remains to be elucidated, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that stress-related neurobiological mechanisms may play a role in the pathobiology of TS.
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PMID:Elevated cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor in Tourette's syndrome: comparison to obsessive compulsive disorder and normal controls. 873 18

Electrodermal activity and heart rate were recorded from 55 children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 58 normal subjects in a protocol that included rest and mild stress periods, and nonsignal and signal stimuli, to determine if autonomic activity might be involved in the pathogenesis of OCD or might be related to important clinical differences. Few differences were observed between OCD and normal subjects despite adequate power to detect small differences due to the large number of subjects. Thus, autonomic activity appears not to be an important etiological factor in childhood OCD. However, electrodermal activity showed consistent positive correlations with ratings of the severity of OCD symptoms (but not with anxiety or depression ratings), suggesting that severely afflicted cases are autonomically sensitive to OCD-related stimuli or, conversely, that low electrodermal activity may be protective of symptom severity. Patients with a coexisting tic disorder (not Tourette's syndrome) had larger electrodermal responses to a novel stimulus and higher heart rate variability than those without tics but did not differ from normal subjects. These few differences seem insufficient to support the hypothesis of a separate etiology of OCD cases with a coexisting tic disorder.
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PMID:Autonomic activity in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 885 68

Bradykinin and beta-endorphin increases during acute pancreatitis are thought to contribute to the development of hypotension and myocardial depression in acute pancreatitis. beta-Endorphin release is mediated by trypsin-like enzymes and bradykinin from the pituitary gland. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a long-acting bradykinin receptor antagonist on bradykinin and beta-endorphin release and on hemodynamic changes during acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced by the injection of autologous bile mixed with trypsin into the main pancreatic duct after ligation of the accessory duct. Serum bradykinin and plasma beta-endorphin levels and cardiovascular function were measured. Twelve dogs (control group) were given 10 ml/kg/h of lactate Ringer's solution intravenously beginning 1 h before the induction of pancreatitis and continuing throughout the experiments. Six dogs received an intravenous infusion of 0.6 mg/kg/h of a new bradykinin receptor antagonist, HOE 140, D-Arg-[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic, Oic8]-bradykinin, in lactate Ringer's solution soon after the induction of pancreatitis. Six of twelve dogs in the control group, and none of the six dogs in the bradykinin receptor antagonist group, died during the experiments. Serum bradykinin levels in both groups increased until 1 h after the induction of pancreatitis, but thereafter the levels in the bradykinin receptor antagonist group decreased gradually until 5 h after induction, and levels were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Plasma beta-endorphin levels in the control group increased significantly, to 291.8 pg/ml (+/- 6.6 SEM) 5 h after the induction of pancreatitis, from the mean levels of 47.8 pg/ml before the induction of pancreatitis, while the mean beta-endorphin level in the bradykinin receptor antagonist group did not increase after the induction of pancreatitis. Infusion of the bradykinin receptor antagonist improved survival rates, hypotension, myocardial depression, and plasma lactate, suggesting that the bradykinin receptor antagonist inhibited the release of bradykinin and beta-endorphin, which contributed to the clinical improvement.
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PMID:Effects of bradykinin receptor antagonist on the release of beta-endorphin and bradykinin and on hemodynamic changes in a canine model of experimental acute pancreatitis. 892 25

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been successfully treated with proserotonergic agents for some years. Clomipramine was the first drug used, but several clinical trials have been conducted more recently to assess the antiobsessional efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The aim of this study was to compare the antiobsessional efficacy of three SSRIs, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and citalopram. Thirty obsessive-compulsive patients without comorbid axis I diagnoses except for tic disorder as assessed by DSM-III-R criteria gave informed consent and were recruited consecutively; they underwent a 10-week randomized treatment with fluvoxamine, paroxetine, or citalopram. Ratings were performed under blind conditions every 2 weeks from baseline to the end of the study and by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the National Institute of Mental Health-Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Clinical Global Impressions Scale, and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the antiobsessional efficacy of the three drugs were completed with analysis of variance with repeated measures and survival analysis. The results showed no significant differences between the three treatments. The preliminary conclusions drawn from this study concern the interchangeable antiobsessional effects of different SSRIs, although further studies of "cross-response" to these drugs are needed.
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PMID:Efficacy of fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and citalopram in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind study. 924 Oct 5


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